Novedades en las recomendaciones de reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica y líneas de desarrollo en España / Novelties in the paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation recommendations and lines of development in Spain

Objetivos: Analizar las recomendaciones internacionales y europeas de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) pediátrica del 2020, resaltar los cambios más importantes y plantear líneas de desarrollo en España. Métodos: Análisis crítico de las recomendaciones de RCP pediátrica del European Resuscitation Council. Resultados: Los cambios más relevantes en las recomendaciones de RCP del año 2020 son: en la RCP básica, la posibilidad de activar el sistema de emergencias tras realizar las 5 ventilaciones de rescate con el teléfono móvil en altavoz, y en la RCP avanzada, la ventilación con bolsa entre 2 reanimadores si es posible, la administración de adrenalina en cuanto se canaliza un acceso vascular en los ritmos no desfibrilables, el aumento de la frecuencia respiratoria en los niños intubados entre 10 y 25rpm de acuerdo a su edad y la importancia de controlar la calidad y coordinación de la RCP. En la formación en RCP se destaca la importancia de la formación de las habilidades no técnicas como el trabajo en equipo, liderazgo y la comunicación, y el entrenamiento frecuente para reforzar y mantener las competencias. Conclusiones: Es esencial que la formación en RCP pediátrica en España siga las mismas recomendaciones y se realice con una metodología común, adaptada a las características de la atención sanitaria y las necesidades de los alumnos. El Grupo Español de Reanimación Cardiopulmonar Pediátrica y Neonatal debe coordinar este proceso, pero es esencial la participación activa de todos los pediatras y profesionales sanitarios que atienden a los niños. (AU)

Objectives: To analyse the 2020 international and European recommendations for paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), highlight the most important changes and propose lines of development in Spain. Methods: Critical analysis of the paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation recommendations of the European Resuscitation Council. Results: The most relevant changes in the CPR recommendations for 2020 are in basic CPR the possibility of activating the emergency system after performing the five rescue ventilations with the mobile phone on loudspeaker, and in advanced CPR, bag ventilation between two rescuers if possible, the administration of epinephrine as soon as a vascular access is obtained, the increase in the respiratory rate in intubated children between 10 and 25bpm according to their age and the importance of controlling the quality and coordination of CPR. In CPR training, the importance of training non-technical skills such as teamwork, leadership and communication and frequent training to reinforce and maintain competencies is highlighted. Conclusions: It is essential that training in paediatric CPR in Spain follows the same recommendations and is carried out with a common methodology, adapted to the characteristics of health care and the needs of the students. The Spanish Paediatric and Neonatal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Group should coordinate this process, but the active participation of all paediatricians and health professionals who care for children is also essential. (AU)

Efecto del bloqueo neuromuscular sobre la monitorización biespectral en los niños críticamente enfermos / Effect of neuromuscular blockade on the bispectral index in critically ill patients

INTRODUCCIÓN: Estudios previos sugieren que el bloqueo neuromuscular (BNM) altera la monitorización del índice biespectral (BIS) en los niños sedados. El objetivo fue analizar la repercusión del uso y suspensión del BNM en la monitorización BIS en niños críticamente enfermos. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional prospectivo. Se incluyeron los niños que recibían perfusiones intravenosas de vecuronio con monitorización BIS. Se analizaron variables clínicas, diagnósticas, hemodinámicas, sedoanalgesia y relajantes musculares y parámetros del BIS. Se compararon los valores del BIS antes del uso de relajantes neuromusculares, durante su administración, antes de su retirada y durante las 24 h siguientes a su suspensión. RESULTADOS: Treinta y cinco pacientes (edad mediana 30 meses). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue cardiopatía (85%). Las indicaciones más frecuentes para iniciar relajantes neuromusculares fueron bajo gasto cardiaco (45%) y adaptación a ventilación mecánica (20%). El BNM no produjo cambios significativos en los valores del BIS. Se observó una disminución de los valores del electromiograma a las 6 h (34,9 ± 9,4 vs. 31,2 ± 7; p = 0,008) y a las 12 h del inicio de la perfusión de vecuronio (34,9 ± 9,4 vs. 28,6 ± 4,8; p = 0,006). Tras retirar el vecuronio hubo un ligero aumento significativo del BIS (de 42,7 ± 11 a 48,4 ± 14,5, p = 0,001), así como en las siguientes 6 y 12 h (51,3 ± 16,6; p = 0,015). No hubo diferencias en las dosis de sedantes o analgésicos, excepto del fentanilo, que fue disminuido tras retirar el vecuronio. CONCLUSIÓN: El BNM continuo produce pequeños cambios en los valores del BIS sin relevancia clínica, y no altera la monitorización del nivel de conciencia del BIS en los niños críticamente enfermos

INTRODUCTION: It has been suggested that neuromuscular blockade (NMB) affects the capacity of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring to measure consciousness in sedated children. Our aim was to analyse the impact of NMB on BIS values in critically ill children. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study of children monitored with a BIS system that received a continuous infusion of vecuronium. We analysed data on clinical, diagnostic and haemodynamic variables, sedatives, analgesics, muscle relaxants, and BIS parameters. We compared BIS parameters before the use of a muscle relaxant, during its administration, before its discontinuation and for the 24hours following the end of the infusion. RESULTS: The analysis included 35 patients (median age, 30 months). The most common diagnosis was heart disease (85%). The most frequent indication for initiation of NMB was low cardiac output (45%), followed by adaptation to mechanical ventilation (20%). Neuromuscular blockade did not produce a significant change in BIS values. We found a decrease was observed in electromyography values at 6hours (34.9 ± 9.4 vs. 31.2 ± 7; P=.008) and 12hours after initiation of NMB (34.9 ± 9.4 vs. 28.6 ± 4.8; P=.006). We observed a small significant increase in BIS after discontinuation of NMB (from 42.7 ± 11 to 48.4 ± 14.5, P=.001), and 6 and 12hours later (51.3 ± 16.6; P=.015). There were no differences in the doses of sedatives or analgesics except for fentanyl, of which the dose was lowered after discontinuation of vecuronium. CONCLUSION: Continuous NMB produces small changes on BIS values that are not clinically significant and therefore does not interfere with BIS consciousness monitoring in critically ill children

The current practice regarding neuro-prognostication for comatose children after cardiac arrest differs between and within European PICUs: A survey.

PURPOSE: To describe current practices in European Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs) regarding neuro-prognostication in comatose children after cardiac arrest (CA). METHODS: An anonymous online survey was conducted among members of the European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC) and the European Paediatric Neurology Society (EPNS) throughout January and February 2019. The survey consisted of 49 questions divided into 4 sections: general information, cardiac arrest, neuro-prognostication and follow-up. RESULTS: The survey was sent to 1310 EPNS and 611 ESPNIC members. Of the 108 respondents, 71 (66%) (23 countries, 45 PICUs) completed the "neuro-prognostication" section. Eight PICUs (20%) had a local neuro-prognostication guideline. The 3 methods considered as most useful were neurological examination (92%), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (82%) and continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) (45%). In 50% a Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) score ≥ 4 was considered as poor neurological outcome. In 63% timing of determining neurological prognosis was based on the individual patient. Once decided that neurological prognosis was futile, 55% indicated that withdrawing life-sustaining therapy (WLST) was (one of) the options, whereas 44% continued PICU treatment (with or without restrictions). In 28 PICUs (68%) CA-survivors were scheduled for follow-up visits. CONCLUSION: Local guidelines for neuro-prognostication in comatose children after CA are uncommon. Methods to assess neurological outcome were mainly neurological examination, MRI and cEEG. Consequences of poor outcome differed between respondents. Inaccuracies in neuro-prognostication can result in premature WLST, thereby biasing outcome research and creating a self-fulfilling cycle. Further research is needed to develop scientifically based international guidelines for neuro-prognostication in comatose children after CA.

Effect of neuromuscular blockade on the bispectral index in critically ill patients.

INTRODUCTION: It has been suggested that neuromuscular blockade (NMB) affects the capacity of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring to measure consciousness in sedated children. Our aim was to analyse the impact of NMB on BIS values in critically ill children. METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study of children monitored with a BIS system that received a continuous infusion of vecuronium. We analysed data on clinical, diagnostic and haemodynamic variables, sedatives, analgesics, muscle relaxants, and BIS parameters. We compared BIS parameters before the use of a muscle relaxant, during its administration, before its discontinuation and for the 24h following the end of the infusion. RESULTS: The analysis included 35 patients (median age, 30 months). The most common diagnosis was heart disease (85%). The most frequent indication for initiation of NMB was low cardiac output (45%), followed by adaptation to mechanical ventilation (20%). Neuromuscular blockade did not produce a significant change in BIS values. We found a decrease was observed in electromyography (EMG) values at 6h (34.9±9.4 vs 31.2±7; P=.008) and 12h after initiation of NMB (34.9±9.4 vs 28.6±4.8; P =.006). We observed a small significant increase in BIS after discontinuation of NMB (from 42.7±11 to 48.4±14.5, P=.001), and 6 and 12h later (51.3±16.6; P=.015). There were no differences in the doses of sedatives or analgesics except for fentanyl, of which the dose was lowered after discontinuation of vecuronium. CONCLUSION: Continuous NMB produces small changes on BIS values that are not clinically significant and therefore does not interfere with BIS consciousness monitoring in critically ill children.

Fallo multiorgánico tras la recuperación de la circulación espontánea en la parada cardiaca en el niño / Multiple organ failure after spontaneous return of circulation in cardiac arrest in children

Objetivo: Estudiar la incidencia del fallo multiorgánico (FMO) y el valor pronóstico de las puntuaciones de FMO en los niños que se han recuperado de una parada cardiaca (PC) intrahospitalaria. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio unicéntrico, observacional, retrospectivo, en niños menores de 16 años, que presentaron una PC intrahospitalaria y alcanzaron la recuperación de la circulación espontánea (RCE). Se registraron las puntuaciones de las escalas de gravedad (PRISM y PIM II) y FMO (PELOD y P-MODS), la mortalidad y la causa del fallecimiento. Resultados: Se estudió a 41 niños (70,7% varones), con una mediana de edad de 38 meses. Durante el ingreso falleció el 41,5% (el 14,6% en las primeras 48h y un 7,3% en los siguientes 5 días). En las primeras 48 h, las puntuaciones de gravedad clínica y de FMO fueron más altas en los fallecidos que en los supervivientes (PRISM 29 frente a 21), p = 0,125, PIM II (26,8% frente a 9,2%), p = 0,021, PELOD (21 frente a 12), p = 0,005, y P-MODS (9 frente a 6), p = 0,001. Entre el 5.° y el 7.° día las puntuaciones de las 4 escalas fueron también mayores en los fallecidos, pero solo las escalas PELOD (20,5 frente a 11), p = 0,002, y P-MODS (6,5 frente a 3), p = 0,003, alcanzaron significación estadística. Conclusiones: La mortalidad de los niños que se recuperan de una PC es elevada. El FMO tras la RCE de una PC en el niño se asocia a una mayor mortalidad (AU)

Objective: To assess the frequency of the multiple organ failure and the prognostic value of multiple organ failure scores in children who have recovered from an in-hospital cardiac arrest. Patients and methods: A single centre, observational, and retrospective study was conducted on children between 1 month and 16 years old who suffered an in-hospital cardiac arrest and achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). In the first 24-48hours and between the fifth and the seventh day after ROSC, a record was made of the scores on paediatric severity (PRISM and PIM II) and multiple organ failure scales (PELOD and P-MODS), along with the clinical and analytical data, and including monitoring and treatment, mortality and cause of death. Results: Of the total of 41 children studied, 70.7% male were male, and the median age was 38 months. The overall mortality during admission was 41.5%, with 14.6% dying in the first 48hours, and 7.6% in the following 3 to 5 days. In the first 48hours, clinical severity and multiple organ failure scores were higher in the patients that died than in survivors (PRISM 29 vs. 21) P= .125, PIM II (26.8% vs. 9.2%) P=.02, PELOD (21 vs. 12) P= .005, and P-MODS (9 vs. 6) P= .001. Between the fifth and seventh day, the scores on the four scales were also higher in patients who died, but only those of the PELOD (20.5 vs. 11) p= .002 and P-MODS (6.5 vs. 3) P= .003 reached statistical significance. Conclusions: Mortality in children after return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest is high. The multiple organ failure after return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest in children is associated with increased mortality (AU)

Parada cardiaca pediátrica intrahospitalaria en España / In-hospital Pediatric Cardiac Arrest in Spain

Introducción y objetivos: Analizar las características y los factores pronósticos de la parada cardiaca intrahospitalaria en España. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo observacional en el que se incluyó a 200 niños, de edades entre 1 mes y 18 años, con parada cardiaca intrahospitalaria. Se realizó un estudio univariable y multivariable para analizar la influencia de los factores en la supervivencia al alta del hospital. Resultados: En un 74% de los pacientes se logró la recuperación de la circulación espontánea y el 41% sobrevivía al alta del hospital. La supervivencia fue mayor que la del estudio realizado 10 años antes (25,9%). En el estudio univariable, los factores relacionados con la mortalidad fueron el peso superior a 10 kg, el tratamiento con fármacos vasoactivos en perfusión continua antes de la parada, la sepsis y la enfermedad neurológica como causas de la parada cardiaca, la necesidad de tratamiento con adrenalina, bicarbonato y expansión de volumen, y un tiempo de reanimación cardiopulmonar largo. En el estudio multivariable, los antecedentes hematooncológicos, el tratamiento previo con fármacos vasoactivos, la duración de la reanimación cardiopulmonar superior a 20 min, el tratamiento con bicarbonato y la expansión de fluidos fueron los factores relacionados con la mortalidad. Conclusiones: La supervivencia a la parada cardiaca intrahospitalaria en la infancia ha mejorado significativamente en los últimos años. Las enfermedades hematooncológicas, el tratamiento previo con fármacos vasoactivos, la duración de la reanimación cardiopulmonar y el tratamiento con bicarbonato y expansión de líquidos son los factores asociados con la mortalidad al alta hospitalaria (AU)

Introduction and objectives: The objective was to analyze the characteristics and prognostic factors of in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest in Spain. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed to examine in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest. Two hundred children were studied, aged between 1 month and 18 years, with in-hospital cardiac arrest. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the influence of each factor on survival to hospital discharge. Results: Return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 74% of the patients and 41% survived to hospital discharge. The survival rate was significantly higher than that reported in a previous Spanish study 10 years earlier (25.9%). In the univariate analysis, the factors related to mortality were body weight higher than 10 kg; continuous infusion of vasoactive drugs prior to cardiac arrest; sepsis and neurological disorders as causes of cardiac arrest, the need for treatment with adrenaline, bicarbonate, and volume expansion, and prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In the multivariate analysis, the factors related to mortality were hematologic/oncologic diseases, continuous infusion of vasoactive drugs prior to cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation for more than 20 min, and treatment with bicarbonate and volume expansion. Conclusions: Survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest in children has significantly improved in recent years. The factors related to in-hospital mortality were hematologic/oncologic diseases, continuous infusion of vasoactive drugs prior to cardiac arrest, the duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and treatment with bicarbonate and volume expansion (AU)

Evolución y factores de riesgo de mortalidad en niños sometidos a cirugía cardiaca que requieren técnicas de depuración extrarrenal continua / Evolution and mortality risk factors in children with continuous renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery

Introducción y objetivos. El objetivo fue estudiar la evolución de los niños que requieren técnicas de depuración extrarrenal continua tras la cirugía cardiaca y analizar los factores asociados con la mortalidad. Métodos. Estudio prospectivo observacional. Se incluyó a los niños que requirieron técnicas de depuración extrarrenal continua tras la cirugía cardiaca. Se realizaron análisis univariable y multivariable para estudiar la influencia de cada factor en la mortalidad. Resultados. De los 1.650 niños sometidos a cirugía cardiaca, 81 (4,9%) requirieron técnicas de depuración extrarrenal. Los niños que precisaron técnicas de depuración extrarrenal tras la cirugía cardiaca presentaban una presión arterial media y unos valores de urea y creatinina más bajos, y su mortalidad fue mayor (43%) que la del resto de los niños (29%) (p=0,05). En el estudio univariable, los factores asociados con mortalidad fueron: edad < 12 meses, peso < 10 kg, hipotensión, puntuación elevada de riesgo de mortalidad infantil y valores bajos de creatinina al inicio de la técnica. En el estudio multivariable, la hipotensión en el momento del inicio de las técnicas de depuración extrarrenal continua, una puntuación puntuación elevada de riesgo de mortalidad infantil ≥ 21 y la hemofiltración fueron los factores asociados con la mortalidad. Conclusiones. Aunque sólo un pequeño porcentaje de los niños sometidos a cirugía cardiaca precisan técnicas de depuración extrarrenal continua, su mortalidad es elevada. La hipotensión y la gravedad clínica al inicio de la técnica de depuración y la hemofiltración como técnica de depuración fueron los factores asociados con la mortalidad (AU)

Introduction and objectives. To study the clinical course of children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery and to analyze factors associated with mortality. Methods. A prospective observational study was performed that included children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the influence of each factor on mortality. We compared these patients with other critically ill children requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Results. Of 1650 children undergoing cardiac surgery, 81 (4.9%) required continuous renal replacement therapy, 65 of whom (80.2%) presented multiple organ failure. The children who started continuous renal replacement therapy after cardiac surgery had lower mean arterial pressure, lower urea and creatinine levels, and higher mortality (43%) than the other children on continuous renal replacement therapy (29%) (P=.05). Factors associated with mortality in the univariate analysis were age less than 12 months, weight under 10 kg, higher pediatric risk of mortality score, hypotension, lower urea and creatinine levels when starting continuous renal replacement therapy, and the use of hemofiltration. In the multivariate analysis, hypotension when starting continuous renal replacement therapy, pediatric risk of mortality scores equal to or greaterer than 21, and hemofiltration were associated with mortality. Conclusions. Although only a small percentage of children undergoing cardiac surgery required continuous renal replacement therapy, mortality among these patients was high. Hypotension and severity of illness when starting the technique and hemofiltration were factors associated with higher mortality (AU)