IL-15 supports the generation of protective lung-resident memory CD4 T cells.

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) provide optimal defense at the sites of infection, but signals regulating their development are unclear, especially for CD4 T cells. Here we identify two distinct pathways that lead to the generation of CD4 TRM in the lungs following influenza infection. The TRM are transcriptionally distinct from conventional memory CD4 T cells and share a gene signature with CD8 TRM. The CD4 TRM are superior cytokine producers compared with conventional memory cells, can protect otherwise naive mice against a lethal influenza challenge, and display functional specialization by inducing enhanced inflammatory responses from dendritic cells compared with conventional memory cells. Finally, we demonstrate than an interleukin (IL)-2-dependent and a novel IL-2-independent but IL-15-dependent pathway support the generation of cohorts of lung TRM.

[Language assimilation trends in Montreal's West Island and the western part of the Outaouais region between 1971 and 1991]. / Tendances de l'assimilation linguistique dans l'ouest de l'ile de Montreal et l'ouest de l'Outaouais de 1971 a 1991.

PIP: "Changes in the census questionnaire since 1971 and high differential out-migration according to language characteristics have undermined the comparability of successive census data on language shift between English and French in the greater part of Quebec [Canada]. In the two regions least sensitive to these factors, notwithstanding language policies in support of French, the dynamics of language shift between English and French in 1991 seem to work to the benefit of English at least as strongly as in 1971." (EXCERPT)^ieng

[Geo-linguistic mobility of the Francophone population of Quebec and Ontario]. / Mobilite geolinguistique de la population de langue maternelle francaise au Quebec et en Ontario.

"The relation between geographic and linguistic mobility among the population of French mother tongue in Ontario and Quebec [Canada] is explored. The results show that language behaviour, in particular the use of English as home language, is fairly regularly and coherently related to spatial behaviour. A distinct positive correlation between geographic and linguistic mobility is observed. It would seem, furthermore, that the ability of various linguistic environments to impose the dominant language is notably stronger when the dominant language is English." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

[Linguistic orientation of allophones in Montreal]. / L'orientation linguistique des allophones a Montreal.

"The 1986 census shows that Montrealers whose mother tongue is neither English nor French assimilate to English rather than French at the same rate as [in 1971]. However, divergent trends underlie this overall stability. While the Montreal-born prefer English even more massively than in 1971, French has progressed just as markedly among immigrants, though there is a visible return to English among the latest arrivals." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

[Demographic change and French Quebec]. / Virage demographique et Quebec francais.

"The socio-political climate and the dissemination of demographic results interact very closely over language matters in Quebec. An examination of the decline of the French-speaking population in North America casts some doubt on the thesis of the linguistic polarization of Canada. An overview of the factors which determine the future size and linguistic composition of Quebec's population shows that French Quebec has arrived at an extremely critical turning point. The most recent results on interprovincial migration and language shift will likely encourage a firm and careful language policy, in order to avoid the prospect of losing ground to English." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

[Linguistic transfers and semi-transfers in Quebec according to]. / Transferts et semi-transferts linguistiques au Quebec d'apres le recensement de 1981.

PIP: An analysis of linguistic transfers in the Canadian province of Quebec is presented using 1981 census data. The author concludes that contrary to earlier reports from Statistics Canada, there has been a net anglicization of the French-speaking population, particularly among those under 25 years of age. Consideration is given to the phenomenon of bilingualism in the home. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)^ieng

Intermarriage and language shift in Canada, 1971 and 1976.

"Basic observations are made on the linguistic outcome of mixed marriages between English, French, and Other language groups, using Canadian census data. Current trends among the major French language groups are highlighted. A longitudinal interpretation of cross-sectional age group data on intermarriage and language shift is presented, and leads to the inference, from 1971 data, of a steady increase in exogamy and anglicisation rates among most French language groups. This inference is confirmed through comparison with 1976 data. Further increase is predicted during the late seventies. It is suggested that similar techniques of analysis could be applied with profit to the study of other Canadian language groups." (summary in FRE)

[On some indices of the tendency toward exogamy and linguistic transfer]. / Sur quelques indices de propension a l'exogamie et au transfert linguistique

PIP: The author presents a method for adjusting rates of exogamy and linguistic transfer to take into account differences in the size of cultural groups. The method is applied to 1971 data for Quebec and for the rest of Canada^ieng