[Reconstruction of thoracolumbar spine instability: clinical and neuroradiological results of a surgical challenge]. / Reconstrucción de la columna toracolumbar inestable: resultados clínicos y neurorradiológicos de un desafío quirúrgico.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical treatment for thoracolumbar union instability represents a challenge, due to the difficult access to this area of the spine, and to the extreme variability of morphological and biomechanical lesions observed. AIM: To describe the indications and clinical and neuroradiological results obtained with procedures of anterior or combined spinal fusion-instrumentation used for the treatment of instable thoracolumbar lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 17 patients with thoracolumbar instability were treated surgically, being followed-up at least for one year. Causes of instability were classified in three groups: (i) fractures or fracture-luxations (n = 7), (ii) pathologic fractures following tumoral invasion (n = 6) and (iii) infectious or degenerative spondylodiscitis (n = 5). In order to carry out the substitution of the injured vertebral body an anterior approach to the thoracolumbar union was performed in all cases, using a modified technique of thoracophrenolaparotomy in which the diaphragmatic dome was not incised. Depending on the number of columns of Denis damaged, the vertebral corpectomy was followed by either an anterolateral or a combined spinal fusion-instrumentation. RESULTS: Pain in standing position was eliminated postoperatively in 83%. Neurological deficits were improved in 50% of cases. Surgical mortality was null and transient postoperative complications occurred in 11.7% of patients, but no lung atelectasis or respiratory infections were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic pain associated to thoracolumbar instability can be treated successfully by substitution of the damaged vertebral body followed by anterior or combined spinal fusion-instrumentation. Thoracophrenolaparotomy without division of the diaphragm is feasible and it reduces the morbidity associated to postoperative respiratory complications.

Reconstrucción de la columna toracolumbar inestable: resultados clínicos y neurorradiológicos de un desafío quirúrgico / Reconstruction of thoracolumbar spine instability: clinical and neuroradiological results of a surgical challenge

Introducción. El tratamiento de la inestabilidad de la unión toracolumbar constituye un desafío quirúrgico, por el difícil acceso anatómico a este segmento vertebral y por la gran variabilidad de alteraciones morfológicas y biomecánicas existentes. Objetivo. Describir las indicaciones y los resultados clínicos y neurorradiológicos de las técnicas de fusión-instrumentación anterior o combinada, empleadas en el tratamiento de la inestabilidad toracolumbar. Pacientes y métodos. Se ha tratado quirúrgicamente a 17 pacientes con inestabilidad toracolumbar, con un seguimiento posoperatorio mínimo de un año. Las causas de inestabilidad se clasificaron en tres grupos: 1. Fracturas o fracturas-luxación de origen traumático (n = 7); 2. Fracturas patológicas por invasión tumoral vertebral (n = 6), y 3. Espondilodiscitis de origen infeccioso o degenerativo (n = 5). En todos los casos se empleó un abordaje por vía anterior a la unión toracolumbar mediante toracofrenolaparotomía sin sección de la cúpula diafragmática, con sustitución del segmento vertebral y fusión-instrumentación anterolateral o combinada según el número de columnas de Denis dañadas. Resultados. El tratamiento quirúrgico de reestabilizar la unión toracolumbar logró la desaparición del dolor en bipedestación en el 83% de los casos y mejoró el déficit neurológico en el 50%. La mortalidad quirúrgica fue nula y la morbilidad posquirúrgica del 11,7%, sin que se produjeran atelectasias pulmonares o infecciones respiratorias. Conclusiones. El tratamiento de la inestabilidad toracolumbar mediante la sustitución del cuerpo vertebral dañado y fusión-instrumentación anterior o combinada permite eliminar satisfactoriamente el dolor crónico en posición erguida. La técnica de toracofrenolaparotomía sin sección del diafragma reduce la morbilidad asociada a las alteraciones respiratorias posquirúrgicas

Introduction. Surgical treatment for thoracolumbar union instability represents a challenge, due to the difficult access to this area of the spine, and to the extreme variability of morphological and biomechanical lesions observed. Aim. To describe the indications and clinical and neuroradiological results obtained with procedures of anterior or combined spinal fusion-instrumentation used for the treatment of instable thoracolumbar lesions. Patients and methods. 17 patients with thoracolumbar instability were treated surgically, being followed-up at least for one year. Causes of instability were classified in three groups: (i) fractures or fracture-luxations (n = 7), (ii) pathologic fractures following tumoral invasion (n = 6) and (iii) infectious or degenerative spondylodiscitis (n = 5). In order to carry out the substitution of the injured vertebral body an anterior approach to the thoracolumbar union was performed in all cases, using a modified technique of thoracophrenolaparotomy in which the diaphragmatic dome was not incised. Depending on the number of columns of Denis damaged, the vertebral corpectomy was followed by either an anterolateral or a combined spinal fusion-instrumentation. Results. Pain in standing position was eliminated postoperatively in 83%. Neurological deficits were improved in 50% of cases. Surgical mortality was null and transient postoperative complications occurred in 11.7% of patients, but no lung atelectasis or respiratory infections were observed. Conclusions. Chronic pain associated to thoracolumbar instability can be treated successfully by substitution of the damaged vertebral body followed by anterior or combined spinal fusion-instrumentation. Thoracophrenolaparotomy without division of the diaphragm is feasible and it reduces the morbidity associated to postoperative respiratory complications

[Fusiform aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery]. / Aneurisma fusiforme de la arteria cerebral media.

Introduction. The main objective of the treatment of intracranial aneurysms is to isolate them from the cerebral blood circulation. A fusiform aneurysm, because of its shape, cannot be treated using the usual techniques and usually requires techniques of arterial reconstruction and revascularization using by pass. Currently it is possible to find the vascular territories with the greatest risk of causing neurological defects and where revascularization is necessary. CASE REPORT. A 20 year old man with no previous history of illness who had several transient ischaemic episodes. Emergency laboratory tests, ECG and plain chest Xray were all normal. Imaging investigations showed the presence of a fusiform aneurysm of the anterosuperior division of the right middle cerebral artery. No associated systemic disease was detected. Wada s test showed the vascular territory with the greatest risk of neurological deficit. Extra intra cranial by pass was done from the right superficial temporal artery to the distal portion of the anteriorsuperior branch of this artery. The operation was done using a right pterion approach with dissection of the superficial temporal artery, and the aneurysm, trapping and termino lateral anastomosis. Cerebral protectors and mild hypothermia were used during the operation. The post operative course was uneventful. Anatomo pathological diagnosis was of an atherosclerotic fusiform aneurysm with osseous and chondroid metaplasia. After six months follow up the patient remains asymptomatic. Discussion and conclusions. Treatment of fusiform cerebral aneurysms is complex and usually requires procedures for cerebral revascularization. Correct pre operative evaluation is essential to identify the vascular territory with the greatest risk of causing neurological deficit. Wada s test is useful for this, since it permits selective evaluation of the different vascular territories safely and quickly. High or low flow by pass of these territories prevents cerebral ischaemia and permits the treatment of choice for these aneurysms.

Aneurisma fusiforme de la arteria cerebral media / Fusiform aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery

Introducción. El objetivo principal del tratamiento de los aneurismas intracraneales es su aislamiento de la circulación sanguínea cerebral. El aneurisma fusiforme, por su morfología no puede tratarse con las técnicas habituales y suele requerir técnicas de reconstrucción arterial y revascularización mediante by-pass. Actualmente podemos conocer los territorios vasculares que tienen mayor riesgo de producir déficit neurológico y donde es necesaria la revascularización. Caso clínico. Varón de 20 años de edad sin antecedentes personales de interés que sufre varios episodios de accidentes isquémicos transitorios. La analítica de urgencias, el ECG y la radiografía simple de tórax fueron normales. Las pruebas de imagen demostraron la presencia de un aneurisma fusiforme en la división anterosuperior de la arteria cerebral media derecha. No se demostraron otras enfermedades sistémicas asociadas. El test de Wada demostró el territorio vascular con mayor riesgo de déficit neurológico. Se realizó un by-pass extraintracraneal desde la arteria temporal superficial derecha a la porción distal de dicha rama anterosuperior. La intervención se realizó mediante un abordaje pterional derecho junto con disección de la arteria temporal superficial, disección del aneurisma, atrapamiento y anastomosis termino lateral. Durante la intervención se utilizaron protectores cerebrales e hipotermia ligera. El postoperatorio transcurrió sin complicaciones. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue de aneurisma fusiforme ateroesclerótico con metaplasia ósea y condroide. A los seis meses de evolución el paciente se encuentra asintomático. Discusión y conclusiones. El tratamiento de los aneurismas fusiformes cerebrales es complejo y suele requerir un procedimiento de revascularización cerebral. Es fundamental una correcta evaluación preoperatoria que identifique los territorios vasculares con mayor riesgo de producir déficit neurológico. El test de Wada es útil en este sentido, ya que permite evaluar de forma selectiva los diferentes territorios vasculares de forma segura y rápida. El by-pass de alto o bajo flujo en dichos territorios previene la isquemia cerebral y resulta el tratamiento de elección en este tipo de aneurismas (AU)