Cornichon regulates transport and secretion of TGFalpha-related proteins in metazoan cells.

Cornichon proteins are structurally related transmembrane proteins that have been studied in and Drosophila and yeast. In Drosophila, Cornichon (Cni) is involved in embryo polarization by the TGFalpha-related Gurken. In yeast, the Cni-related Erv14 is required for axial budding. A cargo receptor function has been proposed for Erv14 and Cni. Four mammalian Cni-like sequences have been identified. We carried out parallel functional analyses of the human Cni ortholog CNIH and Drosophila Cni in the processing and presentation of TGFalpha family proteins. Human CNIH complements the loss of Erv14 in yeast. Human CNIH and Drosophila Cni are primarily localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and associate with immature TGFalpha family proteins. Alterations of cornichon expression result in changes in transport, processing and secretion of TGFalpha proteins. In particular, increased cornichon expression retains TGFalpha proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, whereas cornichon is required for their transport and secretion. Thus, cornichon proteins represent a functionally conserved protein family that acts in the selective transport and maturation of TGFalpha family proteins.

Characterization of a human rhomboid homolog, p100hRho/RHBDF1, which interacts with TGF-alpha family ligands.

The activity of the TGF-alpha-like ligand Spitz in Drosophila depends on Rhomboid, a seven-transmembrane spanning protein that resides in the Golgi and acts as a serine protease to cleave Spitz, thereby releasing the soluble ligand. Several rhomboids in Drosophila have been implicated in the processing of TGF-alpha-like ligands, and consequent EGF receptor activation. The larger number of TGF-alpha-like ligands in vertebrates raises the possibility that they too might be subject to regulation by rhomboid-like proteins. We present the cDNA cloning and polypeptide sequence of an atypically long human rhomboid, which, based on the absence of critical residues for serine protease activity, is not predicted to act as a serine protease. We examined its tissue distribution, in comparison with TGF-alpha and the TGF-alpha-related protein HB-EGF, and the EGF/TGF-alpha receptor, in mouse embryo. This rhomboid, named p100(hRho) or RHBDF1, is a seven-transmembrane protein with a long N-terminal cytoplasmic extension that comprises half of the polypeptide sequence, and is found in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi, but not on the cell surface. It is expressed as two forms with different lengths, forms dimers and interacts with TGF-alpha ligands through a luminal interaction with the EGF core ectodomain. Finally, we evaluated the function of p100(hRho)/RHBDF1 in Drosophila, demonstrating that the short, but not the full-length form has functional activity. The characterization of this protein extends our understanding of the rhomboid family of regulatory proteins.

Transcriptional regulation of interleukin-6 in pituitary folliculo-stellate TtT/GF cells.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) secreted by pituitary folliculo stellate (FS) cells plays an important role in the control of pituitary function and proliferation. We demonstrate that in FS TtT/GF cells, estradiol (E(2)) inhibits dose dependently pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP)-stimulated IL-6 secretion and transcription. We studied transcription factors involved in IL-6 stimulation by PACAP. Point mutations in kappaB, TRE, NF-IL-6 and CRE sites in the IL-6 promoter show that PACAP stimulates IL-6 through TRE and CRE sites. Accordingly, PACAP stimulated AP-1 and CREB transcriptional activity and E(2) inhibited TRE-LUC but not CRE-LUC activation. Thus, we demonstrate that transcription factors of the CREB and AP-1 family are critical for the stimulation of IL-6 by PACAP in TtT/GF cells and that estrogens block this stimulation by inhibiting AP-1 activity. The regulatory elements involved in IL-6 transcription in TtT/GF FS cells contribute to understand the specificity of the anterior pituitary gland paracrine pathways.

Reduced expression of the cytokine transducer gp130 inhibits hormone secretion, cell growth, and tumor development of pituitary lactosomatotrophic GH3 cells.

Two of the most potent cytokines that regulate anterior pituitary cell function are leukemia inhibitory factor and IL-6. These and others like IL-11 and ciliary neurotrophic factor are referred to as the gp130 cytokines because they share the gp130 glycoprotein as a common receptor initial signal transducer. We and others have shown that gp130 cytokines and their receptors are expressed and functional in normal and tumoral anterior pituitary cells. To study the role of gp130 cytokines in tumorigenic process, we generated gp130 cDNA gp130 sense and gp130 antisense (gp130-AS) transfected stable clones derived from lactosomatotroph GH3 cells. We examined hormone secretion and cell proliferation of these clones as well as their tumorigenic properties in athymic nude mice. Although gp130-AS clones, which have low gp130 levels and impaired signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activity and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 expression, showed reduced proliferation and hormone secretion (GH and prolactin) in response to gp130 cytokines, they had a normal response to gp130-independent stimuli. Moreover, gp130-AS clones showed a severely impaired in vivo tumor development. In contrast, the overexpressing gp130 clones (gp130 sense) showed no differences, compared with cells transfected with control vector. Thus, the present study provides new evidence supporting a link between gp130 and pituitary abnormal growth.

El perfil neuroendocrino especifico es critico para una correcta respuesta inmune T-dependiente / The specific neuroendocrine profile is critically involved in an adequate T-dependent immune response

Existe una relación funcional entre los sistemas neuroendocrino e inmune. Examinamos el rol de los cambios neuroendocrinos, particularmente hormona liberadora de tirotrofina (TRH) y prolactina (PRL), durante el curso de la respuesta inmune T-dependiente. En ratas inmunizadas ip con eritrocitos de carnero (SRBC, antígeno T-dependiente), se observó: a) un incremento del ARNm de TRH hipotalámica entre las 4 y 24 h post-inmunización (ej: SRBC vs salina: 4 h, 2,8x), en contraste a una disminución del ARNm de TRH observado por tratamiento con antígenos T-independientes (ej: LPS vs salina: 4 h, 1,6x); b) un incremento del ARNm del receptor de TRH y de los niveles de PRL plasmática sin observarse cambios, en los niveles plasmáticos de hormona de crecimiento y tirotrofina. La inyección intracerebroventricular (icv) en ratas conscientes y en movimiento de oligonucleótidos antisentido al mRNA de TRH produjo: a) una inhibición en la producción de anticuerpos anti-SRBC [ELISA 7 días: Ig(M+G): TRH sentido vs TRH-antisentido: 384 + 27 vs 193 + 22 (n = 11); p < 0.001, ANOVA con test de Scheffés]; b) una incapacidad en producir el pico de liberación de PRL luego de la inmunización (12 h post-inmunización, TRH-sentido vs TRH-antisentido: 8.3 + 1.4 vs 2.2 + 0.5 (n = 6), p < 0.01, ANOVA con test de Scheffés); c) una dismunución del ARNm de TRH hipotalámica (TRH-sentido vs TRH-antisentido: 12 h, 1.7x). Estos estudios demuenstran que un antígeno T-dependiente requiere de una activación temprana de TRH y PRL, instrumental para montar una respuesta adecuada, en contraste a la inhibición inducida por antígenos T-independientes. (AU)

El perfil neuroendocrino especifico es critico para una correcta respuesta inmune T-dependiente / The specific neuroendocrine profile is critically involved in an adequate T-dependent immune response

Existe una relación funcional entre los sistemas neuroendocrino e inmune. Examinamos el rol de los cambios neuroendocrinos, particularmente hormona liberadora de tirotrofina (TRH) y prolactina (PRL), durante el curso de la respuesta inmune T-dependiente. En ratas inmunizadas ip con eritrocitos de carnero (SRBC, antígeno T-dependiente), se observó: a) un incremento del ARNm de TRH hipotalámica entre las 4 y 24 h post-inmunización (ej: SRBC vs salina: 4 h, 2,8x), en contraste a una disminución del ARNm de TRH observado por tratamiento con antígenos T-independientes (ej: LPS vs salina: 4 h, 1,6x); b) un incremento del ARNm del receptor de TRH y de los niveles de PRL plasmática sin observarse cambios, en los niveles plasmáticos de hormona de crecimiento y tirotrofina. La inyección intracerebroventricular (icv) en ratas conscientes y en movimiento de oligonucleótidos antisentido al mRNA de TRH produjo: a) una inhibición en la producción de anticuerpos anti-SRBC [ELISA 7 días: Ig(M+G): TRH sentido vs TRH-antisentido: 384 + 27 vs 193 + 22 (n = 11); p < 0.001, ANOVA con test de Scheffé's]; b) una incapacidad en producir el pico de liberación de PRL luego de la inmunización (12 h post-inmunización, TRH-sentido vs TRH-antisentido: 8.3 + 1.4 vs 2.2 + 0.5 (n = 6), p < 0.01, ANOVA con test de Scheffé's); c) una dismunución del ARNm de TRH hipotalámica (TRH-sentido vs TRH-antisentido: 12 h, 1.7x). Estos estudios demuenstran que un antígeno T-dependiente requiere de una activación temprana de TRH y PRL, instrumental para montar una respuesta adecuada, en contraste a la inhibición inducida por antígenos T-independientes.