Healthful grain foods consumption by São Paulo residents: a 12-year analysis and future trends.

OBJECTIVE: Understanding trends in grain consumption is essential to tackle the low consumption of healthful grain foods. This study aimed to evaluate trends and determinants of grain foods meeting the ≤10:1 carbohydrate:fibre ratio (≤10:1 ratio) in Brazil and to estimate this intake for the next years. DESIGN: Three editions of the cross-sectional, population-based study Health Survey of São Paulo (2003, 2008 and 2015). SETTING: Urban area of São Paulo, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 5801 participants aged 12 years or more. RESULTS: A growing trend in the intake of these foods (0·9 percentage of energy (%E) in 2003 to 1·5 %E in 2015) was observed. Also, the proportion of the population consuming at least one grain food meeting the ≤10:1 ratio increased from 8·7 % in 2003 to 15·8 % in 2015, and 20·3 % of the population would be consuming some kind of healthful grain food by 2030. Sociodemographic factors associated with the consumption of grain foods meeting the ≤10:1 ratio changed according to study edition, but overall, older individuals (+79 %), females (+28 %), those with higher education (+138 %) and higher family income (+135 %) were more likely to consume grain foods meeting the ratio, whereas participants who self-reported black, brown or indigenous ethnicity were less likely to consume these foods (-30 %). CONCLUSIONS: There was a growing trend to consume grain foods meeting the ≤10:1 ratio from 2003 to 2015, but this consumption continues to be far from recommended levels. Intersectoral changes are urgently needed in order to increase the intake of healthful grain foods.

Prevalence of consumption and nutritional content of breakfast meal among adolescents from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey / Prevalência de consumo e teor nutricional da refeição do café da manhã entre adolescentes da Pesquisa Nacional de Consumo Alimentar

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of breakfast consumption and describe the foods and nutrients consumed at this meal and throughout the day by Brazilian adolescents. Method: A total of 7276 adolescents aged 10-19 years were evaluated in the Brazilian National Dietary Survey 2008-9, a population-based cross-sectional study. Individuals' information was collected at home. Dietary data were obtained by two food records. Breakfast was defined as the first eating occasion of the day that occurred between 6 and 9:59 am. Differences between breakfast consumers, occasional consumers, and skippers were tested through Pearson's chi-squared test or F-test of regression analysis. Results: Breakfast was consumed by 93% of adolescents and it was associated with age, income, geographic region and household area. The most frequently consumed foods at breakfast were white bread, coffee, butter/margarine, refined cookies and crackers, and whole milk. The mean daily intakes of total energy, sugar, and calcium were higher among occasional consumers and skippers. Breakfast consumers had higher intake of vitamins B12, C, and D. Breakfast contributed more to total intake of calcium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins A, B6, and D (17-32%), trans fat and sodium (about 30%) and less to folate, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and fiber (8-12%) and energy intake (16%). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of breakfast consumption among Brazilian adolescents was high, the overall nutritional quality of this meal is suboptimal, highlighting the need to support adolescents and their families to make more nutrient-dense food choices.

Resumo Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de consumo de café da manhã e descrever os alimentos e nutrientes consumidos nessa refeição e durante todo o dia por adolescentes brasileiros. Método: Foram avaliados 7.276 adolescentes entre 10-19 anos no Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação 2008-2009, um estudo transversal de base populacional. As informações dos indivíduos foram coletadas nos domicílios. Os dados alimentares foram obtidos por dois registros alimentares. O café da manhã foi definido como a primeira refeição do dia entre 6h e 9h59. As diferenças entre os consumidores de café da manhã, consumidores ocasionais e aqueles que não tomam café da manhã foram testadas por meio do teste de qui-quadrado ou teste F para análise de regressão. Resultados: O café da manhã foi consumido por 93% dos adolescentes e seu consumo foi associado à idade, renda, região geográfica e área residencial. Os alimentos mais frequentemente consumidos foram pão branco, café, manteiga/margarina, biscoitos e bolachas refinados e leite integral. A ingestão média diária de energia total, açúcar e cálcio foi maior entre os consumidores ocasionais e aqueles que não tomam café da manhã. Aqueles que tomam café da manhã apresentam maior ingestão de vitaminas B12, C e D. O café da manhã contribuiu mais para a ingestão total de cálcio, fósforo, tiamina, riboflavina e vitaminas A, B6 e D (17%-32%), gordura trans e sódio (cerca de 30%) e menos para a ingestão de ácido fólico, vitamina C, ferro, zinco e fibras (8%-12%) e energia (16%). Conclusões: Apesar de a prevalência de consumo de café da manhã entre os adolescentes brasileiros ter sido alta, a qualidade nutricional dessa refeição está abaixo do ideal, destaca a necessidade de apoio aos adolescentes e suas famílias para possibilitar a escolha de alimentos mais densos em nutrientes.

Prevalence of consumption and nutritional content of breakfast meal among adolescents from the Brazilian National Dietary Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of breakfast consumption and describe the foods and nutrients consumed at this meal and throughout the day by Brazilian adolescents. METHOD: A total of 7276 adolescents aged 10-19 years were evaluated in the Brazilian National Dietary Survey 2008-9, a population-based cross-sectional study. Individuals' information was collected at home. Dietary data were obtained by two food records. Breakfast was defined as the first eating occasion of the day that occurred between 6 and 9:59am. Differences between breakfast consumers, occasional consumers, and skippers were tested through Pearson's chi-squared test or F-test of regression analysis. RESULTS: Breakfast was consumed by 93% of adolescents and it was associated with age, income, geographic region and household area. The most frequently consumed foods at breakfast were white bread, coffee, butter/margarine, refined cookies and crackers, and whole milk. The mean daily intakes of total energy, sugar, and calcium were higher among occasional consumers and skippers. Breakfast consumers had higher intake of vitamins B12, C, and D. Breakfast contributed more to total intake of calcium, phosphorus, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins A, B6, and D (17-32%), trans fat and sodium (about 30%) and less to folate, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and fiber (8-12%) and energy intake (16%). CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of breakfast consumption among Brazilian adolescents was high, the overall nutritional quality of this meal is suboptimal, highlighting the need to support adolescents and their families to make more nutrient-dense food choices.