Analysis of subgingival microbiota and IL-1ß, TNF-α and CX3CL1 levels in gingival crevicular fluid of fixed dental prostheses.

Prosthetic biomaterials can affect the composition of the subgingival microbiota and consequently the production of proinflammatory cytokines, causing damage to the periodontium. A total of 40 patients were divided into two groups: 20 with monolithic zirconia (MZ) prostheses and 20 with porcelain fused to metal (PFM) with nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloy prostheses. Subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid samples were taken. The Checkerboard technique for DNA-DNA hybridization and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique were performed. Teeth with MZ presented a lower percentage of bleeding on probing and tooth mobility compared to teeth with PFM with Ni-Cr alloy. Prosthodontic teeth harbored higher total levels of the 18 bacterial species than non-prosthodontic teeth. There was a higher prevalence of S. gordonii and V. parvula species in PFM with Ni-Cr alloy compared to MZ. There was an increase in IL-1ß, TNF-α and CX3CL1 levels in PFM with Ni-Cr alloy compared to MZ. MZ is a candidate biomaterial with fewer negative effects on the periodontium, allowing for longer prostheses longevity in the mouth.

Potential Impact of Prosthetic Biomaterials on the Periodontium: A Comprehensive Review.

The success of a prosthetic treatment is closely related to the periodontal health of the individual. The aim of this article was to review and present the importance of prosthetic restorative materials on the condition of the periodontium, the changes that occur in the composition of the subgingival microbiota and the levels of inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid. Articles on the influence of different prosthetic restorative materials on subgingival microbiota and proinflammatory cytokines were searched for using the keywords "prosthetic biomaterials", "fixed prosthesis", "periodontal health", "subgingival microbiota", "periodontal biomarkers" and "gingival crevicular fluid" in PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. The type of material used for prosthesis fabrication together with poor marginal and internal fit can result in changes in the composition of the subgingival microbiota, as well as increased accumulation and retention of dentobacterial plaque, thus favoring the development of periodontal disease and prosthetic treatment failure. Biological markers have helped to understand the inflammatory response of different prosthetic materials on periodontal tissues with the main purpose of improving their clinical application in patients who need them. Metal-free ceramic prostheses induce a lower inflammatory response regardless of the fabrication method; however, the use of CAD/CAM systems is recommended for their fabrication. In addition, it is presumed that metal-ceramic prostheses cause changes in the composition of the subgingival microbiota producing a more dysbiotic biofilm with a higher prevalence of periodontopathogenic bacteria, which may further favor periodontal deterioration.

Recommendations for Identifying Valid Wear for Consumer-Level Wrist-Worn Activity Trackers and Acceptability of Extended Device Deployment in Children.

BACKGROUND: Self-reported physical activity is often inaccurate. Wearable devices utilizing multiple sensors are now widespread. The aim of this study was to determine acceptability of Fitbit Charge HR for children and their families, and to determine best practices for processing its objective data. METHODS: Data were collected via Fitbit Charge HR continuously over the course of 3 weeks. Questionnaires were given to each child and their parent/guardian to determine the perceived usability of the device. Patterns of data were evaluated and best practice inclusion criteria recommended. RESULTS: Best practices were established to extract, filter, and process data to evaluate device wear, r and establish minimum wear time to evaluate behavioral patterns. This resulted in usable data available from 137 (89%) of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: Activity trackers are highly acceptable in the target population and can provide objective data over longer periods of wear. Best practice inclusion protocols that reflect physical activity in youth are provided.

Ethanolic extract of Lippia graveolens stem reduce biochemical markers in a murine model with metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a risk to develop metabolic-chronic degenerative disease, it is important to find natural alternatives to help decrease the risk. Mexican oregano has a traditional use in Mexican food, moreover, has pharmacologic effects that can help to reduce risk the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of Mexican oregano ethanolic extract in metabolic syndrome in murine model. Ethanolic extract of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) stem (Ext) had a favorable effect on biochemical markers in a murine model of MetS, induced by injection of monosodium glutamate (MSG). From newborn female mice, two groups were formed: control and the MSG groups, which received a dosage of 2 mg/kg of MSG via subcutaneous injection at the second and fourth postnatal day (PD 2,4), and 4 mg/kg at the PD 6, 8, 10 to induce obesity. On week 13, a part of the MSG group received Ext (group MSG + Ext) at 300 mg/kg, administered orally daily from week 13 to week 18. The results indicated that ethanolic extract of Lippia graveolens stem decreases the percentage of body fat, waist circumference, and body weight gain as well as cholesterol, serum triglyceride concentrations and systolic and diastolic pressure. Insulin and leptin hormone values showed a significant effect with the Ext administration. However, hepatic lipoperoxidation levels of MSG and MSG + Ext groups did not show any statistically significant differences between them, both being higher than the control group. Taking in consideration the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that the administration of Ext had a beneficial effect in the murine model with MetS. This is the first study demonstrating the potential of the polar fraction Lippia graveolens stem in MetS.

The Nutraceutical Antihypertensive Action of C-Phycocyanin in Chronic Kidney Disease Is Related to the Prevention of Endothelial Dysfunction.

C-phycocyanin (CPC) is an antihypertensive that is not still wholly pharmacologically described. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether CPC counteracts endothelial dysfunction as an antihypertensive mechanism in rats with 5/6 nephrectomy (NFx) as a chronic kidney disease (CKD) model. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sham control, sham-treated with CPC (100 mg/Kg/d), NFx, and NFx treated with CPC. Blood pressure was measured each week, and renal function evaluated at the end of the treatment. Afterward, animals were euthanized, and their thoracic aortas were analyzed for endothelium functional test, oxidative stress, and NO production. 5/6 Nephrectomy caused hypertension increasing lipid peroxidation and ROS production, overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reduction in the first-line antioxidant enzymes activities, and reduced-glutathione (GSH) with a down-expression of eNOS. The vasomotor response reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in aorta segments exposed to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. However, the treatment with CPC prevented hypertension by reducing oxidative stress, NO system disturbance, and endothelial dysfunction. The CPC treatment did not prevent CKD-caused disturbance in the antioxidant enzymes activities. Therefore, CPC exhibited an antihypertensive activity while avoiding endothelial dysfunction.

Clinical Signs and Symptoms Associated with COVID-19: A Cross Sectional Study

ABSTRACT: Covid-19 is a viral disease that has spread throughout the world, becoming a pandemic. Dysgeusia and anosmia are some of its most frequent symptoms. The aim of the study was to determine the frequent signs and symptoms associated with COVID-19 patients. A cross-secional study from 370 patients with acute respiratory illness admitted by emergenc y services of a hospital in Acapulco. An institutional survey was applied to all patients as a data collection instrument, and a SARS-CoV-2 test, by RT-PCR processed by a certified laboratory. Statistical analysis was performed using the STATA V13 program. The numerical variables without normality were reported in medians, 25th and 75th percentiles, and the Mann W ithney U test was performed for differences between groups. The categorical variables were presented in percentages and differences between groups with Chi-square test. A generalized linear models (GLM) analysis was carried out to determine the most frequent symptoms and signs associated with COVID-19. Clinical signs and symptoms associated to COVID-19 in the bivariate análysis were dysgeusia, odynophagia, anosmia, arthralgia, myalgia, conjunctivitis, and age older than 40 years. In the final multivariate model only age older than 40 years (OR) 2.2; CI 95 % 1.3,3.8) and dysgeusia (OR 2.1; CI95 % 1.2,3.6) kept significance. Dysgeusia, odynophagia, anosmia, arthralgia, myalgia and conjunctivitis are clinical signs and symptoms that can appear in the early stages of the disease, so they could be important for an early diagnosis.

RESUMEN: El Covid-19 es una enfermedad viral que se ha extendido por todo el mundo, convirtiéndose en una pandemia. La disgeusia y la anosmia son algunos de sus síntomas más frecuentes. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los signos y síntomas frecuentes asociados con los pacientes con COVID-19. Estudio transversal de 370 pacientes con enfermedad respiratoria aguda ingresados por los servicios de emergencia de un hospital de Acapulco. A todos los pacientes se les aplicó una encuesta institucional como instrumento de recolección de datos, y una prueba de SARS-CoV-2, por RT-PCR procesada por un laboratorio certificado. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el programa STATA V13. Las variables numéricas sin normalidad se reportaron en medianas, percentiles 25 y 75, y se realizó la prueba U de Mann Withney para diferencias entre grupos. Las variables categóricas se presentaron en porcentajes y diferencias entre grupos con la prueba de Chi-cuadrado. Se realizó un análisis de modelos lineales generalizados (GLM) para determinar los síntomas y signos más frecuentes asociados a la COVID-19. Los signos y síntomas clínicos asociados a COVID-19 en el análisis bivariado fueron disgeusia, odinofagia, anosmia, artralgia, mialgia, conjuntivitis y edad mayor de 40 años. En el modelo multivariado final solo la edad mayor de 40 años (OR) 2,2; IC 95 % 1,3,3,8) y la disgeusia (OR 2,1; IC95 % 1,2,3,6) mantuvieron significanca estadística. Disgeusia, odinofagia, anosmia, artralgias, mialgias y conjuntivitis son signos y síntomas clínicos que pueden aparecer en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad, por lo que podrían ser importantes para un diagnóstico precoz.

Supervivencia relacionada con la respuesta patológica, luego de quimioterapia neoadyuvante en cáncer de mama / Survival related to pathological response, after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in breast cancer

Quimioterapia neoadyuvante (NAC) en cáncer de mama permite conocer la sensibilidad del tumor al tratamiento, alcanzar respuesta patológica completa (pRC), está asociada a mejor supervivencia en cáncer de mama localmente avanzado. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el impacto de la pRC en la supervivencia en una cohorte de pacientes tratadas con NAC y cirugía. Se realizo un estudio de diseño observacional de tipo retrospectivo, correlacional, con un seguimiento promedio de 90 meses, de una cohorte de pacientes tratadas con NAC y cirugía desde enero del 2009 a diciembre del 2011. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante el software estadístico SPSS v22.0, para el análisis de supervivencia se utilizó el método de Kaplan Meier, para comparar supervivencias se consideró significativa una p<0,05. Entre las características principales de 199 pacientes, se destacan: edad joven a la presentación, elevado índice de proliferación y alta frecuencia del tipo inflamatorio. pRC ocurrió en el 14,1% de pacientes y la supervivencia global (SG) de acuerdo con la respuesta patológica se comparó entre aquellas pacientes que obtuvieron pRC, con las que tuvieron enfermedad residual, con una SG del 71,4% vs 45% respectivamente, con una diferencia significativa (p:0.009). En esta cohorte de pacientes la pRC impactó en la supervivencia en todos los subtipos clínico-patológicos, sobre todo en el subtipo triple negativo. Evaluar los datos en el entorno real es importante para definir estrategias y mejorar los resultados.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer allows knowing the sensitivity of the tumor to treatment, achieving pathological response complete (pRC), and is associated with better survival in locally advanced breast cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of pRC on survival in a cohort of patients treated with NAC and surgery. A retrospective, correlational observational design study was carried out, with an average follow-up of 90 months, of a cohort of patients treated with NAC and surgery from January 2009 to December 2011. Data analysis was performed using the software SPSS v22.0 statistic, for the survival analysis the Kaplan Meier method was used, to compare survivals a p <0.05 was considered significant. Among the main characteristics of 199 patients, the following stand out: young age at presentation, high proliferation index and high frequency of the inflammatory type. pRC occurred in 14.1% of patients and overall survival (OS) according to the pathological response was compared between those patients who obtained pRC, with those who had residual disease, with an OS of 71.4% vs 45% respectively, with a significant difference (p: 0.009). In this cohort of patients, pRC impacted on survival in all clinicopathological subtypes, especially in the triple negative subtype. Evaluating data in the real environment is important to define strategies and improve results.

Helicobacter pylori prevalence in healthy Mexican children: comparison between two non-invasive methods.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori detection in asymptomatic children with suspected infection or with symptoms that suggest gastric pathology is problematic, since most of the methods depend on the endoscopic study, an invasive and expensive method. Non-invasive methods can be a feasible alternative but must be validated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concordance between H. pylori DNA detection in saliva and dental plaque by PCR, with antigen detection in stool by immunochromatography, among asymptomatic children in the state of Guerrero, Mexico. METHODS: Dental plaque, saliva, and stool samples were obtained from 171 children between 6 and 12 years old. H. pylori detection in saliva and dental plaque was performed by PCR using specific primers for the 16S rRNA gene, while the detection in stool samples was performed by immunochromatography using the CerTest kit. RESULTS: We found an overall H. pylori prevalence of 59.6% (102/171). Of the H. pylori positive children 18% (20/111) were positive in saliva samples, 28.1% (34/121) in dental plaque samples, and 50.4% (71/141) in stool samples. A higher prevalence was found in girls (64.7%, p = 0.002). Although some of the children declared some dyspeptic symptoms, these were no related to H. pylori. In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of H. pylori in asymptomatic children and the highest proportion was detected by stool antigen test, which was the most feasible method to detect H. pylori infection.

Job satisfaction in graduates of the career of dental surgeon: a cross sectional study / Satisfação no trabalho em graduados da carreira de cirurgião-dentista: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT This study aims to estimate job satisfaction levels in graduated of dental school of Autonomous University of Guerrero, México, and determine which factors influence such satisfaction levels. A cross-sectional study was carried out in 144 dentists graduated from the dental school of Autonomous University of Guerrero through a validated survey. Logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain OR, p-value and confidence intervals (95% CI) in the STATA13 statistical program. The overall percentage of job satisfaction was 92%, while the variables that explained the model were, the role of the dentist (Owner or employed) (OR = 2.2 , p = 0.03 95% CI 1.1-4.4), and the level of satisfaction of the knowledge acquired within their academic dental school training (OR = 19.2, p = 0.00 95%CI 3.1-118). The professional satisfaction of a dentist is of great importance, because it impacts their performance at work, and is closely related to overall satisfaction of life, since both contribute reciprocally to the happiness of a person, as well as the general welfare in the community.

RESUMO Este estudo tem como objetivo estimar os níveis de satisfação no trabalho de graduados da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Autônoma de Guerrero, México, e determinar quais fatores influenciam esses níveis de satisfação. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 144 dentistas formados pela Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Autônoma de Guerrero por meio de um questionário validado. Uma análise de regressão logística foi realizada para obter OR, valor de p e intervalos de confiança (IC95%) no programa estatístico STATA13. O percentual geral de satisfação no trabalho foi de 92%, enquanto as variáveis que explicaram o modelo foram a função do dentista (proprietário ou funcionário) (OR = 2,2 , p = 0,03 IC 95% 1,1-4, 4) e o nível de satisfação com o conhecimento adquirido na formação acadêmica em odontologia (OR = 19,2 , p = 0,00 IC95% 3,1-118).. A satisfação profissional do dentista é de grande importância, pois impacta no seu desempenho no trabalho, e está intimamente relacionada à satisfação geral de vida, uma vez que ambas contribuem para a felicidade da pessoa, bem como para o bem-estar geral da comunidade.

Periodontal disease distribution, risk factors, and importance of primary healthcare in the clinical parameters improvement / Distribución de la enfermedad periodontal, factores de riesgo e importancia de la atención primaria en salud en la mejora de los parámetros clínicos

The objective of this study is to show the distribution of periodontal disease, risk factors, and importance of primary healthcare, for the improvement of clinical parameters. Two phases study transversal and nonrandomized trial (before - after), with educational intervention and conservative treatment, were carried out at Dental School of the Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero México, in 161 subjects who met the inclusion criteria. Oral healthcare education was carried out as well as conservative periodontal treatment, with six months follow up. Clinical measurements were performed with a Williams probe, O'Leary plaque index, calculus index and dental mobility Miller method. Periodontal disease was found on 82 % of all participants. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed an odds ratio of 14.3 (95 % CI: 2.5, 82.1), 13.4 (95 % CI: 1.7, 103.5), 29.2 (95 % CI: 3.2, 260.9) and 68 (95 % CI: 6.6, 711.0) plaque in gingivitis, mild, moderate and severe chronic periodontitis, respectively. The longitudinal panel data analysis showed a significant effect (p <0.001) in the mean decrease of the clinical parameters after intervention, probing depth 0.4 mm (95 % CI: -0.5, -0.3), pockets depth 1.1 mm (95 % CI: -1.3, -0.9), amount of pockets 4.5 (95 % CI: -5.2, -3.7), bleeding 5.2 (95 % CI: -5.9, -4.5) and dental mobility 0.6 degrees (95 % CI: -0.7, -0.5). Primary healthcare is still the best option to improve the periodontal health in population who do not have access to specialty services. Dentists can achieve significant clinical improvement at very low cost, if they are aware of primary health care.

El objetivo del estudio fue mostrar la distribución de la enfermedad periodontal, los factores de riesgo y la importancia de la atención primaria de salud, para la mejora de los parámetros clínicos. Material y método: Estudio de dos fases transversal y no aleatorizado (antes - después), con intervención educativa y tratamiento conservador, realizado en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero México, en 161 sujetos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se llevó a cabo una educación sanitaria oral, así como un tratamiento periodontal conservador, con un seguimiento de seis meses. Las mediciones clínicas se realizaron con una sonda Williams, el índice de placa O'Leary, el índice de cálculo y el método Miller de movilidad dental. Resultados: se encontró enfermedad periodontal en el 82 % de todos los participantes. El análisis de regresión logística multinomial mostró un odds ratio de 14.3 (IC 95 %: 2.5, 82.1), 13.4 (IC 95 %: 1.7, 103.5), 29.2 (IC 95 %: 3.2, 260.9) y 68 (IC 95 %: 6.6, 711.0) placa en gingivitis, periodontitis crónica leve, moderada y grave, respectivamente. El análisis de datos del panel longitudinal mostró un efecto significativo (p <0.001) en la disminución media de los parámetros clínicos después de la intervención, profundidad de sondeo 0.4 mm (IC 95 %: -0.5, -0.3), profundidad de bolsillos 1.1 mm (IC 95 %: -1.3, -0.9), cantidad de bolsillos 4.5 (IC 95 %: -5.2, -3.7), hemorragia 5.2 (IC 95 %: -5.9, -4.5) y movilidad dental 0.6 grados (IC 95 %: -0.7, - 0.5). Conclusiones: la atención primaria de salud sigue siendo la mejor opción para mejorar la salud periodontal en la población que no tiene acceso a servicios especializados. Relevancia clínica: los dentistas pueden lograr una mejora clínica significativa a un costo muy bajo, si conocen la atención primaria de salud.

Substance use initiation and the prediction of subsequent academic achievement.

Academic performance significantly influences educational advancement, career opportunities, and life outcomes. The extent to which adolescent substance use and brain morphology predict academic achievement has not been extensively explored. We examined grade point average (GPA) at the time alcohol and cannabis use often starts (7th - 9th grade) and subsequently during 11th and 12th grade in a 170 physically healthy adolescents in a longitudinal study. Covariance analysis examined predictive features from 36 metrics of middle school academic performance and initiation of alcohol and cannabis use. Using a machine learning approach, GPA from 7th, 8th, and 9th grade strongly predicted 11th and 12th grade GPA, followed in predictive power by alcohol use age of onset. A machine learning approach determined 16 (from 336) baseline neuroimaging features that reflected lower thickness, area, or volume in average high school GPA drinkers compared to nondrinkers. Features that distinguished average performing drinkers from nondrinkers suggested accelerated gray matter loss during adolescence for drinkers, while high performing drinkers compared to nondrinkers may have attenuated gray matter maturation. Additional possibilities are discussed.

Relationship between TNF-α, MMP-8, and MMP-9 levels in gingival crevicular fluid and the subgingival microbiota in periodontal disease.

Periodontitis is modulated by a complex dysbiotic microbiota, these species stimulate upward the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, which, in turn, upregulates the production of bone resorption molecules. Enzymes such as MMP-8 and 9 have been associated with the destructive disease. This study evaluated the composition of periodontal microbiota with the checkerboard hybridization technique and its correlation with TNF-α, MMP-8, and MMP-9 evaluated with ELISA, of 80 patients (45 healthy, and 35 with chronic periodontitis). The frequency of the 18 species evaluated was higher in patients with bone loss compared with control group. TNF-α in gingival crevicular fluid was significantly higher in bone loss group (p < 0.01); MMP-8 (p = 0.34) by MMP-9 (p < 0.05) in bone loss group obtained lower values than in control group. Positive correlation of TNF-α was obtained with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (rho = 0.38; p < 0.01), Fusobacterium nucleatum (rho = 0.25; p < 0.05) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (rho = 0.26; p < 0.05); negative correlation of MMP-8 with A. actinomycetemcomitans (rho = 0.26; p < 0.01), Capnocytophaga sputigena (rho = 0.33; p < 0.01), and F. nucleatum (rho = 0.21; p < 0.05); also negative correlation of MMP-9 with F. nucleatum (rho = 0.23; p < 0.05), P. gingivalis (rho = 0.23; p < 0.05), and Tannerella forsythia (rho = 0.26; p < 0.01). TNF-α increased due to the increase in each count of A. actinomycetemcomitans (ß = 0.57; p = 0.00). The presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans (ß = 1.88; p = 0.00), Campylobacter rectus (ß = 0.78; p = 0.01), F. nucleatum (ß = 0.65; p = 0.04), and P. gingivalis (ß = 0.65; p = 0.04) significantly increases TNF-α levels. TNF-α in gingival crevicular fluid, despite the minimal amounts collected, is a good biomarker of periodontal disease; since levels of TNF-α increases with the increase of the most harmful species to the periodontium.

Prevalencia de caries y factores asociados: estudio transversal en estudiantes de preparatoria de Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México / Prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors: a cross-sectional study among preparatory (high school) students from Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico

RESUMEN Introducción: La caries dental es el principal problema bucal que afecta a casi toda la población. La niñez y juventud son etapas cruciales para adquirir el hábito de higiene bucal adecuada y evitar daños a la cavidad oral en la edad adulta. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de caries y los factores asociados en estudiantes de educación media superior de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal en estudiantes de tres escuelas preparatorias de Chilpancingo, Gro. Un cuestionario autoadministrado preguntó sobre datos sociodemográficos, hábitos de higiene dental y la presencia de caries se definió a partir del índice CPOD (diente cariado, perdido y obturado). Se estimó razón de momios e intervalo de confianza de 95% como medida de asociación de los factores de riesgo. La estimación de las asociaciones en el análisis multivariado fue ajustada por el efecto del conglomerado. Resultados: La prevalencia de caries fue 91% (1,300/1,424), 18% (245/1,424) de los estudiantes tuvo obturados, 5% (67/1,424) tuvo una o más piezas dentales perdidas. El índice CPOD fue 5.31. Dos factores se asociaron con la presencia de caries: consumo de frituras, refrescos y golosinas (RMa 2.43, IC 95% 1.45-4.09), y la poca importancia dada a la salud bucal (RMa 1.48, IC 95% 1.01-2.18). Conclusiones: La prevalencia encontrada está en el rango de los reportes internacionales. Los dos factores asociados con la caries dental orientan qué acciones deben promoverse para el cuidado de la salud bucal en los estudiantes de educación media superior de la UAGro.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tooth decay is the most important oral health problem affecting almost the whole population. Childhood and youth are crucial stages to acquire habits of proper oral hygiene to prevent damage to the oral cavity in adulthood. Objective: To measure the prevalence of dental caries and associated risk factors in students of middle education (preparatory school) at the Autonomous University of Guerrero (UAGro). Methods: Cross-sectional study including students from three preparatory schools (high schools) in Chilpancingo, Guerrero. A self-administered questionnaire collected sociodemographic and dental hygiene information; the presence of caries was defined according to the DMFT index (decayed, filled, and missing teeth). Odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were estimated as measures of association for risk factors. Estimated associations in the multivariate analysis were adjusted by cluster effect. Results: The prevalence of caries was 91% (1,300/1,424); 18% (245/1,424) of students had filled teeth and 5% (67/1,424) had one or more missing teeth. A DMFT index score of 5.31 was found. Two factors were associated with the presence of caries: intake of snacks, sweets, and soft drinks (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.45-4.09) and little attention to oral health (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01-2.18). Conclusions: The caries prevalence is in the range of international reports. The two factors associated with tooth decay should guide the actions to be implemented for promoting oral health among UAGro students of middle education.

The Effects of a Multidimensional Exercise Program on Health Behavior and Biopsychological Factors in Mexican Older Adults.

Background: The population of older adults is increasing worldwide, which brings attention to the importance of healthy aging. Adoption of healthy lifestyle activities such as participating in physical activity on a daily basis is key to maintaining physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of participation in a 12-week multidimensional exercise program on health behavior and biopsychological factors of older adults living in Northeastern Mexico. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 45 older adults (35 females and 10 males; M = 67.24 ± 5.73 years). The participants were assigned to an experimental group (EG; n = 23) that participated in a 12-week exercise program and a control group (CG; n = 22). Pre- and post-analyses of the exercise intervention data were carried out to investigate the participants' health-related variables including physical activity levels, blood pressure, self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and blood lipids profiles. Results: The results indicated that the exercise intervention contributed to significant improvements in the older adults' health-related variables for the EG when contrasted with the control group. For instance, the EG significantly improved systolic (p < 0.001) and diastolic (p < 0.027) blood pressure, blood lipids [e.g., cholesterol (p < 0.05)], triglycerides (p < 0.05), self-esteem (p < 0.005), and depressive symptoms (p < 0.002) as well as physical activity (p < 0.001) levels. The results also demonstrated that only those individuals in the EG diagnosed with disease benefited from improved self-esteem and physical activity levels when contrasted with their healthy counterparts.

Adolescent Brain Surface Area Pre- and Post-Cannabis and Alcohol Initiation.

OBJECTIVE: Changes in gray matter volume and thickness are associated with adolescent alcohol and cannabis use, but the impact of these substances on surface area remains unclear. The present study expands on previous findings to examine the impact of alcohol and cannabis on surface area before and after use initiation. METHOD: Scans for 69 demographically similar youth were obtained at baseline (ages 12-14 years; before substance use) and at 6-year follow-up (ages 17-21 years). Participants were classified into three groups based on substance use: alcohol use initiators (ALC, n = 23), alcohol and cannabis use initiators (ALC+CU, n = 23), and individuals with minimal substance use (<3 lifetime alcohol and 0 marijuana use episodes; CON, n = 23). For each hemisphere, group differences in surface area across time (pre- and post-substance use initiation) and significant group-by-time interactions were examined individually for 34 cortical regions using repeated measures analysis of covariance. A vertex-wise analysis assessed group differences in surface area percent change. RESULTS: A significant group-by-time interaction was found in three regions, bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortices and right insula. Although all regions showed decreases in surface area over time (ps < .05), a more substantial decrease was identified in the ALC group. Of note, the right medial orbitofrontal cortex survived the conservative vertex-wise analyses (p < .001), as a more substantial decrease was found in the ALC compared to the ALC+CU group in this region. CONCLUSIONS: Surface area in the medial orbitofrontal cortex may be a useful intermediate phenotype for exploring the mechanisms underlying the effects of substance use on brain development.

A multi-site proof-of-concept investigation of computerized approach-avoidance training in adolescent cannabis users.

BACKGROUND: Few effective treatment options exist for cannabis-using youth. This pilot study aimed to test Approach-Avoidance Training to reduce cannabis use with non-treatment-seeking adolescents. METHODS: Eighty cannabis-using non-treatment-seeking adolescents (average age 19) were recruited from San Diego, California and Charleston, South Carolina, and randomized to complete either six sessions of Cannabis Approach-Avoidance Task Training (CAAT-training) designed to reduce automatic approach biases for cannabis cues or CAAT-sham training. Change in two primary outcome variables was examined: 1) cannabis approach bias and 2) percent cannabis use days over study enrollment. Change in percent alcohol use days over study enrollment was explored as a secondary outcome. RESULTS: A mixed models repeated measures analysis confirmed the group by time interaction effect for approach bias failed to reach statistical significance (p = .06). Significant group by time interaction effects (ps < 0.05) predicted percent days of cannabis and alcohol use over study enrollment. Participants randomized to the avoid cannabis condition (CAAT-training) reported 7% fewer days of cannabis use compared to 0% change for sham; unexpectedly, those in the avoid cannabis condition reported 10% percent more alcohol use days compared to 3% more for sham. CONCLUSIONS: Computerized cognitive bias modification paradigms may have utility in reducing adolescent cannabis use. Future work should consider developing a paradigm that addresses both cannabis and alcohol, as well as alternative computerized approaches for coping with addictive behavior in conjunction with bias modification.

The effects of alcohol hangover on future drinking behavior and the development of alcohol problems.

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol hangover experiences in young adulthood have been shown to predict more subsequent alcohol problems. Hangover susceptibility appears to be partially heritable and related to family history of alcohol use disorders. However, very little is known about the developmental course of these associations and whether they are accounted for by an individual's drinking history. The goal of this study is to investigate the prospective and unique relationships between family history of alcohol use disorders, severity of alcohol hangover experiences in adolescence, and later alcohol use and related problems measured over 13years. METHODS: Participants were first assessed on family history at age 12-14, prior to initiating drinking, and re-assessed annually on hangover severity, drinks per drinking day (DPDD), and alcohol-related problems throughout the 13-year follow-up period (n=205; 59% male). RESULTS: In mixed effects negative binomial regression models, greater family history density scores predicted more future DPDD (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR]=1.19, p=0.04), alcohol problems (IRR=1.64, p=0.05), and future hangover severity (IRR=1.24; p=0.01). In turn, greater hangover severity predicted more future DPDD (IRR=1.03; p=0.002) and alcohol problems (IRR=1.12, p<0.001), and hangover severity mediated the relationship between family history and alcohol use/problems. All models controlled for participant age, sex, and past drinking behavior (where relevant). CONCLUSIONS: These results advance the alcohol hangover experience during late adolescence as a clinically relevant and uniquely informative marker of future alcohol use and problems, above and beyond that of prior personal or familial drinking history.

Earlier Alcohol Use Onset Predicts Poorer Neuropsychological Functioning in Young Adults.

BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopment may be shaped by environmental factors such as alcohol intake. Over 20% of U.S. high school students begin drinking before age 14, and those who initiated drinking before age 14 are 4 times more likely to develop psychosocial, psychiatric, and substance use difficulties than those who began drinking after turning 20. Little is known, however, about how the age of alcohol use onset influences brain development. METHODS: This study prospectively examined the effects of alcohol use onset age on neurocognitive functioning in healthy adolescent drinkers (N = 215). Youth were administered a neuropsychological battery before substance use initiation (M = 13.6 years, SD = 0.8) and on average 6.8 years later (M = 20.2 years, SD = 1.5). Hierarchical linear regressions examined if earlier ages of onset for first and regular (i.e., weekly) alcohol use adversely influenced neurocognition, above and beyond baseline neurocognition, substance use severity, and familial and social environment factors. RESULTS: As hypothesized, an earlier age of first drinking onset (AFDO) predicted poorer performance in the domains of psychomotor speed and visual attention (ps<0.05, N = 215) and an earlier age of weekly drinking onset (AWDO) predicted poorer performances on tests of cognitive inhibition and working memory, controlling for baseline neuropsychological performance, drinking duration, and past-year marijuana use (ps<0.05, N = 127). No relationship between AFDO and AWDO was found with verbal learning and memory and visuospatial ability. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to assess the association between age of adolescent drinking onset and neurocognitive performance using a comprehensive test battery. This study suggests that early onset of drinking increases risk for alcohol-related neurocognitive vulnerabilities and that initiation of any or weekly alcohol use at younger ages appears to be a risk factor for poorer subsequent neuropsychological functioning. Findings have important implications for public policies related to the legal drinking age and prevention programming. Further studies are needed to replicate these preliminary findings and better understand mediating processes and moderating conditions.

Influencia de los vasoconstrictores añadidos a la anestesia dental en la frecuencia cardiaca y la tensión arterial / Influence of vasoconstrictors added to dental anesthetics on blood pressure and heart rate

Introduction: vasoconstrictors are substances added to local anesthetics to lengthen their time of action, reduce their toxicity and enhance their local hemostatic effect. There is controversy about whether the use of vasoconstrictors in dental anesthetics has a negative effect on blood pressure and heart rate. Objective: determine the influence of vasoconstrictors added to dental anesthetics on blood pressure and heart rate. Methods: an experimental study was conducted with 120 patients divided in two groups of 60. These patients attended clinics in the Dental Academic Unit of the Autonomous University of Guerrero from July to December 2015. Group A was given just 3 percent mepivacaine, whereas Group B was given mepivacaine with epinephrine at a concentration of 1:100 000. Measurements were taken of the patients' heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at two moments: at baseline before infiltration and 5 minutes after infiltration. Statistical analysis was based on Student's t-test for independent samples. Results: heart rate and systolic blood pressure did not yield any statistically significant value. Diastolic blood pressure was the only hemodynamic parameter showing a statistically significant difference (t= 2.3; p= 0.02). Conclusions: the results obtained coincide with those reported by similar studies. At the doses recommended, epinephrine is safe for healthy patients as well as for those with controlled cardiovascular conditions(AU)

Introducción: los vasoconstrictores son substancias que han sido añadidas a los anestésicos locales con la finalidad de aumentar su tiempo de acción, disminuir su toxicidad y aprovechar su efecto hemostático local. Existe controversia sobre si el uso de vasoconstrictores en los anestésicos dentales produce efectos negativos en la tensión arterial y la frecuencia cardiaca. Objetivo: determinar la influencia de los vasoconstrictores añadidos a la anestesia dental en la frecuencia cardiaca y la tensión arterial. Métodos: se realizó un estudio experimental en 120 pacientes divididos en dos grupos de 60, que acudieron a las clínicas de la Unidad Académica de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero en el periodo julio-diciembre de 2015. Al grupo A se le administró mepivacaína simple al 3 por ciento, y al grupo B se le administró mepivacaína con epinefrina a una concentración de 1:100 000. Se realizaron tomas de frecuencia cardiaca, tensión arterial sistólica y tensión arterial diastólica en dos momentos. Se realizó una toma basal de frecuencia cardiaca, tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica antes de la infiltración, y una segunda toma 5 min posteriores a la infiltración. Se realizó la prueba estadística t de Student para grupos independientes. Resultados: la frecuencia cardiaca y la tensión arterial sistólica no obtuvieron significancia estadística. El único parámetro hemodinámico que tuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa fue la tensión arterial diastólica (t= 2,3; p= 0,02). Conclusiones : los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación, coinciden con los reportados en otros estudios similares. La epinefrina puede ser utilizada de manera segura a las dosis recomendadas tanto en pacientes sin enfermedad cardiovascular, como en pacientes con compromiso cardiovascular en control(AU)

Influencia de los vasoconstrictores añadidos a la anestesia dental en la frecuencia cardiaca y la tensión arterial / Influence of vasoconstrictors added to dental anesthetics on blood pressure and heart rate

Introduction: vasoconstrictors are substances added to local anesthetics to lengthen their time of action, reduce their toxicity and enhance their local hemostatic effect. There is controversy about whether the use of vasoconstrictors in dental anesthetics has a negative effect on blood pressure and heart rate. Objective: determine the influence of vasoconstrictors added to dental anesthetics on blood pressure and heart rate. Methods: an experimental study was conducted with 120 patients divided in two groups of 60. These patients attended clinics in the Dental Academic Unit of the Autonomous University of Guerrero from July to December 2015. Group A was given just 3 percent mepivacaine, whereas Group B was given mepivacaine with epinephrine at a concentration of 1:100 000. Measurements were taken of the patients' heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure at two moments: at baseline before infiltration and 5 minutes after infiltration. Statistical analysis was based on Student's t-test for independent samples. Results: heart rate and systolic blood pressure did not yield any statistically significant value. Diastolic blood pressure was the only hemodynamic parameter showing a statistically significant difference (t= 2.3; p= 0.02). Conclusions: the results obtained coincide with those reported by similar studies. At the doses recommended, epinephrine is safe for healthy patients as well as for those with controlled cardiovascular conditions(AU)

Introducción: los vasoconstrictores son substancias que han sido añadidas a los anestésicos locales con la finalidad de aumentar su tiempo de acción, disminuir su toxicidad y aprovechar su efecto hemostático local. Existe controversia sobre si el uso de vasoconstrictores en los anestésicos dentales produce efectos negativos en la tensión arterial y la frecuencia cardiaca. Objetivo: determinar la influencia de los vasoconstrictores añadidos a la anestesia dental en la frecuencia cardiaca y la tensión arterial. Métodos: se realizó un estudio experimental en 120 pacientes divididos en dos grupos de 60, que acudieron a las clínicas de la Unidad Académica de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero en el periodo julio-diciembre de 2015. Al grupo A se le administró mepivacaína simple al 3 por ciento, y al grupo B se le administró mepivacaína con epinefrina a una concentración de 1:100 000. Se realizaron tomas de frecuencia cardiaca, tensión arterial sistólica y tensión arterial diastólica en dos momentos. Se realizó una toma basal de frecuencia cardiaca, tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica antes de la infiltración, y una segunda toma 5 min posteriores a la infiltración. Se realizó la prueba estadística t de Student para grupos independientes. Resultados: la frecuencia cardiaca y la tensión arterial sistólica no obtuvieron significancia estadística. El único parámetro hemodinámico que tuvo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa fue la tensión arterial diastólica (t= 2,3; p= 0,02). Conclusiones : los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación, coinciden con los reportados en otros estudios similares. La epinefrina puede ser utilizada de manera segura a las dosis recomendadas tanto en pacientes sin enfermedad cardiovascular, como en pacientes con compromiso cardiovascular en control(AU)