ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the heavy metals content of milk from cows fed with forage irrigated with waste water from industrial sources and the health risk to children. Milk samples were taken from milk collection tanks of eight localities in the state of Puebla. On average, the heavy metals in the milk had the following order Zn> As> Pb > Cr> Cu > Ni. Pb (0.03 mg kg-1) exceeded the Codex limits. For As the hazard index was 8.0 ± 0.4, which is far above 1. On the other hand, the individual risk of cancer showed a descending order Cr> As > Pb, while the risk of total cancer (0.004 ± 0.002) indicated that the combined effect of heavy metals created a serious risk for girls and children.
Subject(s)
Agricultural Irrigation/methods , Carcinogens , Metals, Heavy/adverse effects , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Milk/chemistry , Wastewater/chemistry , Adolescent , Age Factors , Animal Feed , Animals , Carcinogens/administration & dosage , Carcinogens/pharmacokinetics , Cattle , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Maximum Allowable Concentration , Metals, Heavy/administration & dosage , Mexico , Neoplasms/chemically induced , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to determine Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, and As levels in raw milk and Oaxaca and ranchero type cheeses, produced in areas irrigated with waste water from Puebla in Mexico. Milk results showed a mean Pb level of 0.03 mg kg-1, which is above the maximum limit as set by Codex Alimentarius and the European Commission standards. For As a mean value of 0.12 mg kg-1 in milk was obtained. Mean As and Pb levels in milk were below the Mexican standard. Milk whey and ranchero cheese had mean Pb levels of 0.07 and 0.11 mg kg-1, respectively. As was higher in Oaxaca and ranchero cheese at 0.17 and 0.16 mg kg-1, respectively. It was concluded that cheeses made from cow's milk from areas irrigated with waste water are contaminated with Pb and As, which may represent a health risk.
Subject(s)
Agricultural Irrigation , Cheese/analysis , Food Contamination , Metals, Heavy/chemistry , Milk/chemistry , Wastewater/chemistry , Animals , Cattle , Female , Limit of Detection , Mexico , Spectrum Analysis/methods , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistryABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the hazard ratio (HQ), the risk index (HI), and the cancer risk index (CRI) for populations of adults and children exposed to ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of heavy metals in agricultural soil. For these, the contents of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Zn, and the metalloid As were determined in soils of four zones of the sub-basin of Alto Balsas, during two different periods of the year. The average content of metals in the soil was 1.24, 14.77, 14.80, 13.06, 5.50, 17.65, 22.89, and 5.32 mg kg-1 for Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Co, Cr, Zn, and As, respectively. The highest risk in terms of HQ and HI was for adults, especially for men who are affected through the skin, with Cd and Cr being the most dangerous. CRI values were within the allowable range, without posing problems for adult and child populations.
Subject(s)
Agricultural Irrigation , Metals, Heavy/toxicity , Rural Population , Soil Pollutants/toxicity , Wastewater/chemistry , Adult , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Metals, Heavy/chemistry , Mexico , Risk Factors , Soil Pollutants/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistryABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the heavy metal content in cow's milk produced in areas irrigated with waste water and to evaluate the health risk with daily consumption of milk for children. The sample consisted of four zones in which small farmers were selected and the milk of 160 cows in two seasons of the year. On average, the metals in the milk in decreasing order were 0.36; 0.046; 0.035; 0.029; 0.015; 0.012, and 0.002 mg kg-1 for Zn, Pb, As, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Cd, respectively. The Pb exceeded the limits allowed by Codex. The values shown in the hazard quotient for the As of more than 1 and HI were higher. On the other hand, the individual risk of cancer showed a descending order As> Cd> Cr> Pb, while the total risk indicated that the combined effect of metals put girls and boys at serious risk.
Subject(s)
Environmental Pollutants/chemistry , Food Contamination/analysis , Milk/chemistry , Pesticide Residues , Animals , Cattle , Child , Humans , Metals, Heavy/chemistry , Mexico , Risk AssessmentABSTRACT
In Spain, recently, the public institutions have given information to the population in relation to fish consumption and the risk that it poses to health from the ingestion of mercury supposedly contained in the fish. At the same time, several scientific societies have published various works in this direction. All this without there being, up to now, any study on the evaluation of a probabilistic risk from mercury due to fish and seafood intake in Spain, which is the objective of this present work. For that purpose, we took individual data from a survey of the total diet of 3000 people, whose consumption of the principal fish and seafood species (49) was estimated. We compiled individualized data (2000) on the total mercury content of those species, which were completed and validated with bibliographic statistical data. After estimating the distributions of each fish and seafood species, both of their consumption and their mercury content, a simulation was made of the distribution of mercury ingestion from fish and seafood offered by 2.6% of the Spanish population at risk of exceeding total mercury recommendations, and between 12.2% and 21.2% of those exceeding methylmercury ones. The main species responsible were tuna fish, swordfish and hake, and significant differences were identified in fish consumption between sexes and ages, although, in the risk percentage, what stands out is an increase in the latter with an increase in age.
