Evolución de las técnicas de biopsia prostática. Mirando hacia atrás en un viaje significativo / Evolution of prostate biopsy techniques. Looking back on a meaningful journey

Antecedentes: La técnica de la biopsia de próstata ha evolucionado mucho desde sus inicios hasta ser un procedimiento de diagnóstico seguro. Los principios de la técnica de biopsia siguen mejorando con el conocimiento sobre el cáncer de próstata y la disponibilidad de opciones de tratamiento más nuevas, como la vigilancia activa y la terapia focal. Actualmente, dependemos de información más exacta sobre el cáncer de la biopsia que nunca para decidir la opción de tratamiento ideal. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar los principales hitos en la evolución de la técnica de la biopsia de próstata y su impacto en el manejo del cáncer de próstata. Adquisición de la evidencia: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica no sistemática detallada para presentar los hechos históricos sobre las transformaciones en las técnicas de biopsia de próstata y también la dirección de la actual investigación para mejorar la detección del cáncer precisa. Resumen de la evidencia: Hay un claro cambio de tendencia en la técnica de biopsia antes y después de la introducción de la ecografía transrectal y el antígeno prostático específico. En la época anterior, las biopsias fueron dirigidas a los nódulos palpables y a la obtención de tejido prostático adecuado para el diagnóstico, mientras que la época posterior se ha desplazado hacia la detección del cáncer de próstata no palpable y temprano. Recientemente, existe una tendencia creciente hacia biopsias dirigidas guiadas por imagen para extraer el máximo de información del cáncer a partir de núcleos de biopsia mínimos. Conclusión: Las técnicas de biopsia de próstata han visto grandes cambios desde su creación y tienen un impacto importante en el manejo del el cáncer de próstata. Hay un gran potencial para la investigación que puede apoyar aún más las opciones de tratamiento más nuevas, como la terapia focal

Background: The technique of prostate biopsy has evolved a long way since its inception to being a safe diagnostic procedure. The principles of the biopsy technique continue to improvise with the knowledge about prostate cancer and availability of newer treatment options like active surveillance and focal therapy. Currently, we depend on accurate cancer information from the biopsy more than ever for deciding the ideal treatment option. Aim: The aim of this review is to present the major milestones in prostate biopsy technique evolutions and its impact on the prostate cancer management. Acquisition of evidence: We performed a detailed non-systematic literature review to present the historical facts on the transformations in prostate biopsy techniques and also the direction of present research to improve accurate cancer detection. Summary of evidence: There is a clear change in trend in biopsy technique before and after the introduction of transrectal ultrasound and prostate specific antigen. In the earlier era, the biopsies were aimed at palpable nodules and obtaining adequate prostatic tissue for diagnosis while the later era has moved towards detection of non-palpable and early prostate cancer. Recently, there is an increasing trend towards image guided targeted biopsies to extract maximum cancer information from minimum biopsy cores. Conclusion: Prostate biopsy techniques have seen major changes since its inception and have a major impact on prostate cancer management. There is a great potential for research which can further support the newer treatment options like focal therapy

Evolution of prostate biopsy techniques. Looking back on a meaningful journey. / Evolución de las técnicas de biopsia prostática. Mirando hacia atrás en un viaje significativo.

BACKGROUND: The technique of prostate biopsy has evolved a long way since its inception to being a safe diagnostic procedure. The principles of the biopsy technique continue to improvise with the knowledge about prostate cancer and availability of newer treatment options like active surveillance and focal therapy. Currently, we depend on accurate cancer information from the biopsy more than ever for deciding the ideal treatment option. AIM: The aim of this review is to present the major milestones in prostate biopsy technique evolutions and its impact on the prostate cancer management. ACQUISITION OF EVIDENCE: We performed a detailed non-systematic literature review to present the historical facts on the transformations in prostate biopsy techniques and also the direction of present research to improve accurate cancer detection. SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE: There is a clear change in trend in biopsy technique before and after the introduction of transrectal ultrasound and prostate specific antigen. In the earlier era, the biopsies were aimed at palpable nodules and obtaining adequate prostatic tissue for diagnosis while the later era has moved towards detection of non-palpable and early prostate cancer. Recently, there is an increasing trend towards image guided targeted biopsies to extract maximum cancer information from minimum biopsy cores. CONCLUSION: Prostate biopsy techniques have seen major changes since its inception and have a major impact on prostate cancer management. There is a great potential for research which can further support the newer treatment options like focal therapy.

[Evaluation of the expression of p22 phox subunit of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a comparative study]. / Evaluación de la expresión de la subunidad p22 phox de la NADPH oxidasa (NOX) en cáncer de próstata e hiperplasia prostática benigna: estudio comparativo.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Recent reports found that prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in men. METHODS AND RESULTS: 62 samples were obtained (30 of patients with cancer and 32 of patients with hyperplasia) collected from January 2004 to december 2007. Was conducted a clinical, experimental, transversal, comparative and descriptive trial. Were followed the inclusion (cancer or hyperplasia diagnosis), exclusion (patients not authorized to participate in the study or not candidates for resection of prostate) and elimination (damage tissue) criteria. Was detected by immunohistochemistry the presence of p22 phox NADPH oxidase subunit in patients with prostate cancer and prostatic hyperplasia from the formation of avidin-biotin complex using diaminobenzidine as a dye contrast. The statistical analysis was determined with t test (Graph Prism 3.0 software) considering p<0.05 for statistical differences. The results of the immunoreactivity of p22 phox in the stroma and gland of the prostate showed an increase in prostate cancer (8.45+/-3.6 and 25.08+/-7.5% p<0.0001, respectively) in comparison with the results for prostatic hyperplasia (4.8+/-2.8 and 6.7+/-3.1% p<0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The over-expression of the NADPH oxidase is involved in the prostate cancer. Moreover, we suggested that the NADPH oxidase, in combination with other classical markers, could be an indicator for the post-treatment monitoring of the patients diagnosed with hyperplasia and others minors pathologies of the prostate.

Evaluación de la expresión de la subunidad p22 phox de la NADPH oxidasa (NOX) en cáncer de próstata e hiperplasia prostática benigna: estudio comparativo / Evaluation of the expression of p22 phox subunit of NADPH oxidase (NOX) in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: A comparative study

Introducción y objetivo: Recientes reportes ubican que el cáncer de próstata es el segundo cáncer más común y la segunda causa principal de muerte por cáncer en los hombres. Métodos y resultados: Se obtuvieron 62 muestras (30 de pacientes con cáncer y 32 de pacientes con hiperplasia) colectadas desde enero de 2004 a diciembre de 2007. Se llevó a cabo un estudio clínico, experimental, transversal, comparativo y descriptivo. Se cumplieron los criterios de inclusión (diagnóstico de cáncer o hiperplasia), exclusión (pacientes que no autorizaron a participar en el estudio o no candidatos a la resección prostática) y de eliminación (tejidos dañados). Se detectó por inmunohistoquímica la presencia de la subunidad p22 phox de la NADPH oxidasa en pacientes con cáncer de próstata e hiperplasia prostática a partir de la formación del complejo avidina-biotina en presencia de diaminobenzidina como colorante de contraste. El análisis estadístico fue determinado con la prueba t de student (software Graph Prism 3.0) considerando una p<0,05 para diferencias estadísticas. Los resultados de la inmunorreactividad de p22 phox en estroma y glándula de la próstata mostraron un incremento en el cáncer de próstata (8,45±3,6 y 25,08±7,5% p<0,0001, respectivamente) en comparación con los resultados encontrados para hiperplasia prostática (4,8±2,8 y 6,7±3,1% p<0,0001, respectivamente). Conclusiones: La sobreexpresión de NADPH oxidasa se encuentra involucrada en el cáncer de próstata. Además, sugerimos que la NADPH oxidasa, en combinación con otros marcadores clásicos, podría funcionar como un indicador para el monitoreo postoperatorio de pacientes diagnosticados con hiperplasia u otras patologías menores de la próstata (AU)

Introduction and objective: Recent reports found that prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in men. Methods and results: 62 samples were obtained (30 of patients with cancer and 32 of patients with hyperplasia) collected from January 2004 to december 2007. Was conducted a clinical, experimental, transversal, comparative and descriptive trial. Were followed the inclusion (cancer or hyperplasia diagnosis), exclusion (patients not authorized to participate in the study or not candidates for resection of prostate) and elimination (damage tissue) criteria. Was detected by immunohistochemistry the presence of p22 phox NADPH oxidase subunit in patients with prostate cancer and prostatic hyperplasia from the formation of avidin-biotin complex using diaminobenzidine as a dye contrast. The statistical analysis was determined with t test (Graph Prism 3.0 software) considering p<0.05 for statistical differences. The results of the immunoreactivity of p22 phox in the stroma and gland of the prostate showed an increase in prostate cancer (8.45±3.6 and 25.08±7.5% p<0.0001, respectively) in comparison with the results for prostatic hyperplasia (4.8±2.8 and 6.7±3.1% p<0.0001, respectively). Conclusions: The over-expression of the NADPH oxidase is involved in the prostate cancer. Moreover, we suggested that the NADPH oxidase, in combination with other classical markers, could be an indicator for the post-treatment monitoring of the patients diagnosed with hyperplasia and others minors pathologies of the prostate (AU)

DD3(PCA3) gene expression in cancer and prostatic hyperplasia.

PURPOSE: DD3(PCA3) is a novel gene with characteristics that indicate its potentially valuable role in early identification and diagnosis of malignancy and highly upregulated in transformed cells in PCa. The aim of this work was to validate and analyze, by real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), the expression of the DD3(PCA3)gene in a Mexican population, both in intratumoral tissue with PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: Human samples from patients with PCa (40 cases) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (40 cases) were analyzed for the mRNA expression of DD3(PCA3)by RT-PCR RESULTS: The GAPDH gene showed better stability with a Pearson correlation of 0.953 (P < 0.007) for the determination of housekeeping gene. DD3(PCA3)gene expression was 29.74 times higher in PCa tissue (P < 0.0001) than in BPH. The gene expression for the PCa and BPH was 1731+/-280 and 58.23+/-9.9 fold, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Determination of DD3(PCA3)gene expression by RT-PCR could be a potentially tool for the early detection of PCa in clinical specimens.