ABSTRACT
Urbanization has played a key role in shaping twentieth-century demographic changes in Latin America and the Caribbean (LACar). As a result, scholarly research on domestic migration and the family has primarily focused on fertility differentials by migration status in urban areas, finding a robust negative correlation between internal migration and fertility. This research has overlooked how this relationship varies across types of migration flows other than rural-to-urban migration and by women's age at migration and social class. Additionally, not enough attention has been paid to the family formation and dissolution trajectories underlying the lower fertility of rural migrants. I use a life-course inductive approach to examine these overlooked aspects among women from 10 LACar countries, including the three largest countries by population. Using retrospective information on women's childbearing and marital histories from the Demographic and Health Surveys, I build an eight-category typology of family paths and study the conditional distribution of this typology by women's age at migration, educational attainment, and origin/destination area. This examination demonstrates that social class is the primary source of differentiation across family formation and dissolution trajectories and that low-class young rural migrants played a crucial role in the demographic transformations that occurred in the region.
Subject(s)
Developing Countries , Emigration and Immigration , Female , Humans , Latin America , Socioeconomic Factors , Retrospective Studies , Urban Population , Population Dynamics , Caribbean Region , Rural Population , Fertility , MarriageABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the health cost (or benefit) of crisis-driven migration by focusing on the infant mortality rate (IMR) of the Colombian diaspora in Venezuela and the Venezuelan diaspora in Colombia. METHODS: We compare national to diaspora IMRs over the period 1980-2018. National IMRs are death-to-birth ratios reported by the official vital statistics, whereas diaspora IMRs are calculated by using a semiparametric regression model on the summary birth histories collected in the population censuses. We analyse the diaspora IMRs according to whether their arrival corresponds to precrisis or crisis-driven migration. RESULTS: During crises, diaspora IMRs show better health outcomes than those of non-migrants. The Colombian diaspora had an average annual IMR of -1.8 (95% CI -3.3 to 0.28) per year and the Venezuelan diaspora had -4.5 (95% CI -5.8 to -3.3). However, the protective role of migration is neither guaranteed nor consistent, as a crisis in the country of destination exposes immigrants to worse health outcomes than the non-migrant population. CONCLUSION: Migration is a survival strategy that allows people to reduce the negative effects they face during a crisis in their country of origin. The distinction between crisis-driven and precrisis migration provides a framework for assessing the cross-border effects on health outcomes due to diaspora composition, particularly when populations face adverse conditions.
Subject(s)
Developing Countries , Infant Mortality , Colombia/epidemiology , Human Migration , Humans , Infant , Venezuela/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Theories of demographic change have not paid enough attention to how factors associated with fertility decline play different roles across social classes that are defined multidimensionally. I use a multidimensional definition of social class along with information on the reproductive histories of women born between 1920 and 1965 in six Latin American countries to show the following: the enduring connection between social stratification and fertility differentials, the concomitance of diverse fertility decline trajectories by class, and the role of within- and between-class social distances in promoting/preventing ideational change towards the acceptance of lower fertility. These results enable me to revisit the scope of theories of fertility change and to provide an explanatory narrative centred on empirically constructed social classes (probable social classes) and the macro- and micro-level conditions that influenced their life courses. I use 21 census samples collected between 1970 and 2005 in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Paraguay.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Analizar la funcionalidad familiar y factores relacionados en un grupo de adolescentes embarazadas que asisten a control prenatal en los centros de atenciónde ASSBASALUD ESE (Manizales, Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal con una población de 190 adolescentes embarazadas entre los 12 y 21 años, el instrumento utilizado fue una encuesta escrita, anónima, que interrogaba sobre variables socio demográficas, relación con sus padres, niveles de comunicación con los padres, situaciones conflictivas en la familia y funcionalidad familiar medida por el APGAR familiar Resultados: Promedio de edad de 18 años, el 72,1% de la población presentó disfuncionalidad familiar de leve a severa, Entre ninguna y regular relación con el padre 46,9% y 25,3% con la madre, 38,9% presentaban antecedentes de violencia familiar, 25,8% depresión, 23,2% de consumo de alcohol, 36,3% pensaban que no iban a quedar embarazadas al tener relacione sexuales, 26,8% deseaban tener hijos. La buena funcionalidad familiar tuvo relación significativa con la no presencia de violencia intrafamiliar (p=0,000), la no presencia de embarazo en < de 17años (p=0,020), no empleo de métodos anticonceptivos (p=0,000), alto número de embarazos (p=0,025), no presencia de abortos inducidos (p=0,007), hablar sobre temas de embarazo y sexualidad con los padres (p=0,000). Conclusiones: La población de adolescentes gestantes estudiada tiene características similares a las poblaciones de otras ciudades de Colombia, y otros países. Se demuestra que, como prácticamente en todos los ámbitos del ser humano, en este también la familia es decisiva y determinante en la presencia de embarazo precoz en estas adolescentes.
