ABSTRACT
Chilean children attending basic schools exhibit a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, and may present hypertension associated with an excessive sodium intake. The aim of the study was to measure the sodium content of the servings provided by the National Schools Feeding Program to first grade children attending public schools in Quillota during the year 2011, compare the results with the sodium intake recommendation established by WHO, and evaluate the nutritional status and blood pressure (BP). Sodium content of servings (ICP), nutritional status (BMI) and BP (sphingomanometer) of 333 children were measured. Meals contained 3.53+1.42 g sodium per serving. 19.2% of the children were overweight and 21.3% were obese, 7 exhibited prehypertension and I presented hypertension. The study provides background data related to early sodium exposure that is useful for designing strategies towards the reduction of sodium intake in Chile in order to reduce cardiovascular risk.
Los escolares chilenos presentan alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, y podrían presentar hipertensión arterial asociada al consumo excesivo de sodio. El objetivo del estudio fue medir el sodio de las minutas del Programa de Alimentación Escolar entregadas a primero básico en las escuelas municipalizadas de Quillota en el año 2011, comparar los resultados con la recomendación de ingesta de la OMS, evaluar el estado nutricional y la presión arterial (PA) de escolares. Se midió el contenido de sodio de las minutas (ICP), se evaluó el estado nutricional (IMC) y se midió la PA (esfigmomanómetro) de 333 escolares. Las minutas contenían 3,53+1,42 g de sodio por ración 19,2% de escolares presentaban sobrepeso y 21,3% eran obesos, 7 escolares eran pre-hipertensos y 1 hipertenso. El estudio aporta antecedentes de exposición temprana al sodio, útiles para diseñar estrategias dirigidas a disminuir el consumo de sodio en Chile como medida de reducción del riesgo cardiovascular.
Subject(s)
Child , Sodium , Students , School Feeding , Nutrition Programs , Nutritional Status , Hypertension , Menu PlanningABSTRACT
Copper toxicity has been associated to the capacity of free copper ions to catalyze the production of superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical, reactive species that modify the structure and/or function of biomolecules. In addition, nonspecific Cu2+-binding to thiol enzymes, which modifies their catalytic activities, has been reported. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenase is a thiol protein that binds substrates in the first and limiting step of CYP450 system catalytic cycle, necessary for the metabolism of lipophilic xenobiotics. Therefore, copper ions have the potential to oxidize and bind to cysteinyl residues of this monooxygenase, altering the CYP450 system activity. To test this postulate, we studied the effect of Cu2+ alone and Cu2+/ascorbate in rat liver microsomes, to independently evaluate its nonspecific binding and its pro-oxidant effects, respectively. We assessed these effects on the absorbance spectrum of the monooxygenase, as a measure of structural damage, and p-nitroanisole O-demethylating activity of CYP450 system, as a marker of functional impairment. Data obtained indicate that Cu2+ could both oxidize and bind to some amino acid residues of the CYP450 monooxygenase but not to its heme group. The differences observed between the effects of Cu2+ and Cu2+/ascorbate show that both mechanisms are involved in the catalytic activity inhibition of CYP450 system by copper ions. The significance of these findings on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs is discussed.
Subject(s)
Copper/toxicity , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors , Enzyme Inhibitors/toxicity , Oxidants/toxicity , Animals , Chelating Agents , Copper/metabolism , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism , Glutathione/metabolism , Kinetics , Liver/enzymology , Male , Microsomes, Liver/enzymology , Oxidants/metabolism , Oxidoreductases, O-Demethylating/antagonists & inhibitors , Protein Binding , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , SpectrophotometryABSTRACT
El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo efectuar una revisión de algunas posiciones teóricas en torno al papel del lenguaje oral en el aprendizaje de la lectura y realizar una discusión en relación a las distintas posturas presentadas. Se revisa el desarrollo del lenguaje oral en la etapa escolar y el papel que le asignan distintos modelos teóricos en relación con el aprendizaje lector. La revisión efectuada permite reconocer que en el aprendizaje de la lectura se produce una estrecha interrelación entre dos modalidades del lenguaje: el oral y el escrito
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Child, Preschool , Language , Verbal Learning/physiology , Child Language , Language Development , ReadingABSTRACT
1. Isradipine and lacidipine, two new drugs that are members of the nitro-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine family, produced inhibition of both growth cultures and oxygen consumption on epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen strain, at micromolar concentrations. 2. Isradipine was found to be the most potent derivative in both, in growth cultures (I50 = 20.8 microM) and in vivo oxygen uptake (I50 = 31.1 microM). 3. Diltiazem and verapamil, two well-known calcium channel antagonists, lacked inhibitory activity, even at a 100 microM concentration. 4. The present findings indicate that the trypanocide effects exerted by isradipine and lacidipine are not related with a disruption of the calcium homeostasis of the parasite.