Endoparasitic fauna of two South American foxes in Chile: Lycalopex culpaeus and Lycalopex griseus.

Native foxes face serious threats related to anthropic activities and the uncontrolled pets. However, the transmission of several pathogens such as parasites by domestic dogs is an important conservation issue with limited attention in Chile. The lack of a proper identification of the helminths of wild canids in the country, based mostly in coprological studies, limited our knowledge in potential interspecific transmission. Thus, the aim of the present survey was to identify the parasitic fauna of two native canids, the Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) (n=49) and Chilla (Lycalopex griseus) (n=17), from several localities in Chile through a complete parasitological survey. Sixteen different species were identified, 9 of which are new host records for Andean fox and two for Chilla fox in South America, and three are recorded for first time in Chile. Also, five of them are of zoonotic concern and six are known to use domestic dogs as their principal hosts. These findings have implications for public health and the conservation of canids whose interspecific transmission of parasites with domestic dogs is confirmed through these findings. The need for an exhaustive surveillance of wild carnivores is emphasized considering these hosts as important sources of micro- and macroparasites.

Endoparasitic fauna of two South American foxes in Chile: Lycalopex culpaeus and Lycalopex griseus / Fauna endoparasitária de duas raposas da América do Sul no Chile: Lycalopex culpaeus e Lycalopex griseus

Abstract Native foxes face serious threats related to anthropic activities and the uncontrolled pets. However, the transmission of several pathogens such as parasites by domestic dogs is an important conservation issue with limited attention in Chile. The lack of a proper identification of the helminths of wild canids in the country, based mostly in coprological studies, limited our knowledge in potential interspecific transmission. Thus, the aim of the present survey was to identify the parasitic fauna of two native canids, the Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) (n=49) and Chilla (Lycalopex griseus) (n=17), from several localities in Chile through a complete parasitological survey. Sixteen different species were identified, 9 of which are new host records for Andean fox and two for Chilla fox in South America, and three are recorded for first time in Chile. Also, five of them are of zoonotic concern and six are known to use domestic dogs as their principal hosts. These findings have implications for public health and the conservation of canids whose interspecific transmission of parasites with domestic dogs is confirmed through these findings. The need for an exhaustive surveillance of wild carnivores is emphasized considering these hosts as important sources of micro- and macroparasites.

Resumo As raposas nativas enfrentam sérias ameaças devido às atividades antrópicas e contato com animais de estimação sem controle. Entretanto, a transmissão de patógenos, tais como parasitas de cães domésticos, é uma questão importante na conservação das raposas que têm sido pouco abordadas no Chile. A falta de uma identificação adequada dos helmintos de canídeos silvestres no país, que se baseia principalmente, em estudos coprológicos, limita o conhecimento sobre uma potencial transmissão interespecífica de parasitas. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a fauna parasitária em dois canídeos nativos: a raposa andina (Lycalopex culpaeus) (n = 49) e a raposa chilla (Lycalopex griseus) (n = 17), provenientes de várias localidades do Chile, por meio de um levantamento parasitológico completo. Foram identificadas 16 espécies de parasitas, nove correspondem a novos registros de hospedeiros para a raposa andina e dois para a raposa chilla na América do Sul. Três espécies de parasitas são registrados pela primeira vez no Chile, cinco são motivo de preocupação zoonótica e seis são conhecidos por usar cães domésticos como seus principais hospedeiros. Esses achados têm implicações em saúde pública e na conservação de canídeos, pois confirmam a transmissão interespecífica de parasitas desde cães domésticos. A necessidade de vigilância exaustiva dos carnívoros selvagens é enfatizada considerando-se esses hospedeiros como importantes fontes de micro e macroparasitas.

Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) naturally infecting introduced European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in northern Patagonia: phenotype, prevalence and potential risk.

Fascioliasis has recently been included in the WHO list of Neglected Zoonotic Diseases. Besides being a major veterinary health problem, fascioliasis has large underdeveloping effects on the human communities affected. Though scarcely considered in fascioliasis epidemiology, it is well recognized that both native and introduced wildlife species may play a significant role as reservoirs of the disease. The objectives are to study the morphological characteristics of Fasciola hepatica adults and eggs in a population of Lepus europaeus, to assess liver fluke prevalence, and to analyze the potential reservoir role of the European brown hare in northern Patagonia, Argentina, where fascioliasis is endemic. Measures of F. hepatica found in L. europaeus from northern Patagonia demonstrate that the liver fluke is able to fully develop in wild hares and to shed normal eggs through their faeces. Egg shedding to the environment is close to the lower limit obtained for pigs, a domestic animal whose epidemiological importance in endemic areas has already been highlighted. The former, combined with the high prevalence found (14.28%), suggest an even more important role in the transmission cycle than previously considered. The results obtained do not only remark the extraordinary plasticity and adaptability of this trematode species to different host species, but also highlight the role of the European brown hare, and other NIS, as reservoirs capable for parasite spillback to domestic and native cycle, representing a potentially important, but hitherto neglected, cause of disease emergence.