Antibacterial activity and biodegradability assessment of chemically grafted nanofibrillated cellulose.

Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and their derivatives were prepared using three chemical surface modification strategies. All grafting was characterized by FTIR and contact angle measurements in order to evaluate the efficiency of grafting. Antibacterial activities of neat and grafted samples were investigated against two kinds of bacteria (i.e. Gram+ (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram- (Klebsiella pneumoniae)). All the grafted samples displayed promising results with at least bacteriostatic effect or bactericidal properties. They also strongly enhanced the photo-catalytic antimicrobial effect of TiO2. This study proves that it is better to use grafted NFC either alone or for functionalization with TiO2 if anti-bacterial properties are desired. The cellulose backbone is known to be easily biodegradable in different biodegradation conditions and environments. The chemical surface modifications applied on NFC in the present work did not negatively influence this valuable property of cellulose but help for monitoring this property, which could be very useful for paper, packaging and composites.

Antibacterial activity of optically transparent nanocomposite films based on chitosan or its derivatives and silver nanoparticles.

Colloidal silver nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the citrate and borohydride reduction methods and were then investigated as fillers in three matrices: unmodified chitosan, water-soluble chitosan and a N-alkyl chitosan derivative. The nanocomposites were used to prepare cast thin films (9-19 µm thickness) and characterized for their optical and antimicrobial properties. The optical properties of the materials were adjusted either by varying the Ag NPs content in the films (0.5-3.9% w/w) or by using samples of Ag NPs with distinct particle size distributions. The antibacterial activity towards both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) was investigated for the various composites. For the unmodified chitosan nanocomposites, the bactericidal effect depended on their Ag content while such an effect was always observed for water-soluble chitosan and N-alkyl chitosan based materials. This research provides a basis for the evaluation of chitosan/silver composites in applications requiring flexible films with tuned optical properties and antimicrobial activity.