Experimental infection of dogs (Canis familiaris) with sporulated oocysts of Neospora caninum.

Neospora caninum is widely distributed in the world and this parasite is one of the major causes of abortion in cattle. Dogs and coyotes are definitive hosts of N. caninum and several species of domestic and wild animals are intermediate hosts. Dogs can become infected by the ingestion of tissues containing cysts and then excrete oocysts. It is not yet known whether sporulated oocysts are able to induce a patent infection in dogs, i.e. a shedding of N. caninum oocysts in feces. The objective of this study was to experimentally examine the infection of dogs by sporulated oocysts. The oocysts used in the experiment were obtained by feeding dogs with brain of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) positive for anti-N. caninum antibodies by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT ≥200). Oocysts shed by these dogs were confirmed to be N. caninum by molecular methods and by bioassay in gerbils, and sporulated N. caninum oocysts were used for the oral infection of four dogs. The dogs were 8 weeks old and negative for antibodies to N. caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Dogs 1 and 4 received an inoculum of 10,000 sporulated oocysts each; dog 2 an inoculum of 5000 sporulated oocysts and dog 3 received 1000 sporulated oocysts of N. caninum. The total feces excreted by these dogs were collected and examined daily for a period of 30 days. No oocysts were found in their feces. The dogs were monitored monthly for a 6-month period to observe a possible seroconversion and when this occurred the animals were eliminated from the experiment. Dogs 1 and 4 seroconverted 1 month after the infection with titer, in the IFAT, of 1600 and 800, respectively; the other two dogs presented no seroconvertion during the 6-month period. Dogs 1 and 2 were euthanized 180 days after infection and were examined for the detection of N. caninum in tissues (brain, muscle, lymph node, liver, lung, heart and bone marrow) by immunohistochemistry and PCR with negative results in both techniques. Bioassay in gerbils with brain of these dogs was also performed and again the results were negative. In conclusion, dogs infected with sporulated oocysts of N. caninum were not able to shed oocysts in feces. However, a higher dose of infection stimulated the production of antibodies against N. caninum in the dogs.

Seroprevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in rural dogs from the city of Monte Negro, State of Rondônia, Brazil.

The present study assessed the prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in dogs from the city of Monte Negro, State of Rondônia, Brazil. ELISA (NE ≥ 3) and IFAT (≥ 1:40) were used to evaluate 161 serum samples collected from rural dogs from Monte Negro. Forty-five (27.9%) dogs were positive by ELISA tests and five (3.1%) were positive by IFAT. The present study showed for the first time the frequency of exposure to Leishmania spp. in dogs in the State of Rondônia, Amazon Region.

Seroprevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in rural dogs from the city of Monte Negro, State of Rondônia, Brazil / Soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Leishmania spp. em cães rurais do município de Monte Negro, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil

The present study assessed the prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in dogs from the city of Monte Negro, State of Rondônia, Brazil. ELISA (NE > 3) and IFAT (>1:40) were used to evaluate 161 serum samples collected from rural dogs from Monte Negro. Forty-five (27.9 percent) dogs were positive by ELISA tests and five (3.1 percent) were positive by IFAT. The present study showed for the first time the frequency of exposure to Leishmania spp. in dogs in the State of Rondônia, Amazon Region.

O presente estudo determinou a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leishmania spp. em cães do município de Monte Negro, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Foram utilizados os testes de ELISA (NE > 3) e RIFI (>1:40) para avaliar 161 amostras de soro de cães da zona rural do município. Quarenta e cinco cães (27,9 por cento) reagiram no teste de ELISA e cinco (3,1 por cento) na RIFI. O presente estudo demonstra pela primeira vez a freqüência de exposição por Leishmania spp. em cães de Rondônia, Região Amazônica.

Seroprevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in rural dogs from the city of Monte Negro, State of Rondônia, Brazil / Soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-Leishmania spp. em cães rurais do município de Monte Negro, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil

The present study assessed the prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies in dogs from the city of Monte Negro, State of Rondônia, Brazil. ELISA (NE ≥ 3) and IFAT (1:40) were used to evaluate 161 serum samples collected from rural dogs from Monte Negro. Forty-five (27.9%) dogs were positive by ELISA tests and five (3.1%) were positive by IFAT. The present study showed for the first time the frequency of exposure to Leishmania spp. in dogs in the State of Rondônia, Amazon Region.

O presente estudo determinou a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leishmania spp. em cães do município de Monte Negro, Estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Foram utilizados os testes de ELISA (NE ≥ 3) e RIFI (≥1:40) para avaliar 161 amostras de soro de cães da zona rural do município. Quarenta e cinco cães (27,9%) reagiram no teste de ELISA e cinco (3,1%) na RIFI. O presente estudo demonstra pela primeira vez a freqüência de exposição por Leishmania spp. em cães de Rondônia, Região Amazônica.

Prevalence of Rickettsia infection in dogs from the urban and rural areas of Monte Negro municipality, western Amazon, Brazil.

The present study evaluated the rickettsial infection among dogs living in the rural and urban areas of Monte Negro, state of Rondônia, western Brazilian Amazon. Canine sera were tested by the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using six rickettsial antigens: Rickettsia bellii, Rickettsia amblyommii, Rickettsia rhipicephali, Rickettsia rickettsii, Rickettsia parkeri, and Rickettsia felis. While the first three Rickettsia species are known to occur in the study site, the latter three species are known to occur in southeastern Brazil. For each serum, end point titer reacting with each Rickettsia antigen was determined. Serum showing for a Rickettsia species titer at least fourfold higher than that observed for any other Ricketttsia species was considered homologous to the first Rickettsia species or to a very closely related genotype. A total of 164 rural and 153 urban dogs were tested. Overall, 19 (11.6%) and 6 (3.9%) dogs from rural and urban areas, respectively, reacted positively to at least one Rickettsia species. In the rural area, three sera showed titers to R. parkeri at least four-fold higher than any of the other five antigens. These sera were considered to be homologous to R. parkeri or a very closely related genotype. Using the same criteria, two rural sera were considered homologous to R. amblyommii, two other rural sera to R. rhipicephali, and one urban serum to R. parkeri. Because dogs living in the rural area of Monte Negro are commonly infested by the same tick species infesting humans, they indeed serve as sentinels for human rickettsial diseases. Thus, humans living in Monte Negro are likely to be infected by at least three Rickettsia species: R. parkeri, R. amblyommii, and R. rhipicephali. While R. parkeri is a known human pathogen, further studies are required to verify the potential role of R. amblyommii and R. rhipicephali as human pathogens.

Anti-Leptospira spp and anti-Brucella spp antibodies in humans from rural area of Monte Negro municipality, state of Rondônia, Brazilian Western Amazon

Sera from 276 humans living in 71 farms located in Monte Negro Municipality, RO., Western Amazon, Brazil were examined for anti-Leptospira spp antibodies by Microscopic Agglutination Test and for anti-Brucella spp antibodies by Tube Agglutination Test. Leptospira spp antibodies were detected in 28 (10.2 percent) of them with at least one positive case in 23 farms (32.4 percent). The most frequent leptospira serovars were Patoc (46.7 percent), Autumnalis (10.0 percent) and Shermani (10.0 percent). The proportion of positive males (14.5 percent) were higher than females (5.0 percent; P <0.05) and the contact with river water presented association with Leptospira spp infection (OR: 27; P=0.01). A total of 04 (1.4 percent) humans reacted against Brucella antigens; three farms (4.2 percent) presented at least one positive case of brucellosis.

Foram avaliados soros de 276 humanos procedentes de 71 fazendas localizadas no município de Monte Negro, RO, pela Soroaglutinação Microscópica para verificar a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp e pela Soroaglutinação Lenta em Tubos para verificar a presença de anticorpos anti-Brucella spp. Anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp foram detectados em 28 (10,2 por cento) humanos procedentes de 23 fazendas (32,4 por cento). Os sorovares mais freqüentes foram Patoc (46,7 por cento), Autumnalis (10,0 por cento) e Shermani (10,0 por cento). A positividade foi maior no sexo masculino (14,5 por cento) que no feminino (5,0 por cento; P < 0,05) e o contato com a água de rio apresentou associação com a infecção por Leptospira spp (OR: 27; P < 0,05). Quatro humanos (1,4 por cento) reagiram contra antígenos de Brucella spp, com três (4,2 por cento) fazendas apresentando pelo menos uma reação positiva para Brucella spp.

Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from Brazil.

The current study evaluated the prevalence of Ehrlichia canis Donatien and Lestoquard in domestic dogs, Canis familiaris L., and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from different areas of Brazil. In Monte Negro County (state of Rondônia, Brazilian western Amazon), the indirect immunofluorescence assay detected E. canis-reactive antibodies (titer > or = 40) in 58/153 (37.9%) and 40/161 (24.8%) dogs from the urban and rural areas, respectively. These values were significantly different between the two areas. Ticks from a household in the urban area of Monte Negro, and from households in three other localities (162-165 adult ticks per household) in the state of São Paulo (SP) were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting an erlichial dsb gene fragment. The prevalence of infected ticks (given as minimal infection rate) was 2.3, 6.2, and 3.7% for populations 1 (Monte Negro), 2 (Jundiaí, SP), and 3 (São Paulo I, SP), respectively, which were statistically similar. In contrast, no infected tick was detected in population 4 (São Paulo II, SP). DNA sequences were determined for some of the PCR products generated from ticks and dogs from populations 1-3, being all identical to each other and to available sequences of E. canis in GenBank. These results reinforce previous records of E. canis-infecting dogs in Brazil. Natural infection of R. sanguineus ticks by E. canis is reported for the first time in Brazil, where this tick is the commonest species infesting dogs.

Prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in cattle and dogs from Western Amazon, Brazil, in association with some possible risk factors.

For evaluation of the prevalence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies and its associated risk factors, serum samples from 2109 cattle (11 beef, 50 dairy and 25 mixed farms) and 174 dogs were examined in the State of Rondônia, Western Amazon, Brazil. An inquiry was applied in each farm. Sera were examined by the Indirect Fluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT) using cut off dilution of 1:25 for cattle and 1:50 for dogs. Statistical association between the serologic status and several variables were analyzed by linear and logistic regression. The overall herd prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies for 86 farms was 72% (61.3-81.2%). Prevalence values were 100, 70 and 64% in beef, dairy and mixed herds, respectively. Herd prevalence in beef herds was significantly different (P<0.05) from dairy and mixed herds. The overall animal prevalence of N. caninum in cattle was 8.8%. Prevalence values by animal were similar in different production types (P>0.05), with values of 9.5, 11.2 and 9.7% for beef, dairy or mixed cattle, respectively. Antibodies were found in 12.6% of the 174 examined dogs. Sixteen (22.8%) out of 70 farms with dogs had at least one dog with anti-N. caninum antibodies. The occurrence of antibodies in cattle was statistically associated with farms having more than 25 cows (OR 9.7, 95% IC 2.9-32.2; P=0.0002). There was no significant association between the presence of the dogs, jungle contact or reproductive variables with the occurrence of antibodies in cattle.

Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp in cattle from Monte Negro municipality, western Amazon

Foi investigada a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp em 2.109 vacas provenientes de 86 rebanhos do município de Monte Negro, Rondônia, Brasil. As amostras de soro sanguíneo foram avaliadas pelo Teste de Aglutinação Microscópica frente a 24 sorovares de leptospira. Títulos =100 para um ou mais sorovares foram detectados em 1.114 vacas (52,8%) de 82 (95,3%) rebanhos. A prevalência ajustada para o município de Monte Negro foi de 53,9% (I.C.: 95%; 49-58,7%). Os sorovares mais prevalentes foram Hardjo (14,5%), Wolffi (12,3%), Shermani (10,8%), Patoc (7,9%) e Hebdomadis (6.1%). Outros sorovares mundialmente relatados como Bratislava, Pomona e Grippotyphosa foram pouco detectados.

The prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp antibodies was investigated in 2,109 female cattle from 86 herds of Monte Negro municipality, Rondônia, Brazil. Sera samples were evaluated by Microscopic Agglutination Test against 24 leptospira serovars. Titers =100 for at least one of 24 leptospira serovars were detected in 1,114 cows (52.8%) from 82 (95.3%) herds. The adjusted overall prevalence for Monte Negro municipality was 53.9% (49-58.7%; CI: 95%). The most prevalent serovars were Hardjo (14.5%), Wolffi (12.3%), Shermani (10.8%), Patoc (7.9%), and Hebdomadis (6.1%). Other serovars worldwidely reported like Bratislava, Pomona and Grippotyphosa were detected in low levels.

Prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora spp. infection in horses from Brazil based on presence of serum antibodies to parasite surface antigen.

Sera from 961 horses from Brazil were tested for antibodies against the major surface antigens SnSAG4 and NhSAG1 to determine the seroprevalence of Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi, respectively. Antibodies against SnSAG4 were detected in 669 (69.6%) of the horses, while antibodies against NhSAG1 were detected in only 24 (2.5%) of the horses. These serologic results suggest that there is a high concentration of S. neurona in the environment of Brazil, which results in marked exposure of horses to this parasite. Additionally, the data further confirm that infection with Neospora spp. is relatively uncommon in horses.