ABSTRACT
Previous studies have characterized a saline extract from Microgramma vacciniifolia rhizome and its lectin (MvRL)-rich fraction with low acute toxicity. In the present study, we evaluated these preparations for acute toxicity (1,000â mg/kg) and antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities (100-400â mg/kg for the extract and 25-50â mg/kg for the fraction). No signs of toxicity were observed. Both the extract and fraction increased the latency period for nociception in the hot plate assay, decreased writhing induced by acetic acid, and promoted analgesic effects in phases 1 and 2 of the formalin test. The antinociceptive mechanism was attributed to interactions with opioid receptors and K+ ATPase channels. The extract and fraction decreased carrageenan-induced paw edema in 46.15 % and 77.22 %, respectively, at the highest doses evaluated. Furthermore, the fraction was shown to act on the bradykinin pathway. The ability to decrease leukocyte migration after treatment was also verified in the peritonitis and air pouch models. In exudates collected from air pouches, decreased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and increased interleukin (IL)-10 levels were noted. Both the extract and fraction also effectively inhibited the development of granulomatous tissue. In conclusion, the substances investigated in this study can be used for the development of novel therapeutic options for pain and inflammatory processes.
Subject(s)
Analgesics/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology , Edema/drug therapy , Lectins/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Rhizome/chemistry , Analgesics/chemistry , Analgesics/isolation & purification , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification , Carrageenan , Cell Movement/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Edema/chemically induced , Leukocytes/drug effects , Mice , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Receptors, Opioid/metabolism , Salinity , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/antagonists & inhibitors , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolismABSTRACT
Background: In this paper, we conduct a mobility reduction rate comparison between the first and second COVID-19 waves in several localities from America and Europe using Google community mobility reports (CMR) data. Through multi-dimensional visualization, we are able to compare the reduction in mobility from the different lockdown periods for each locality selected, simultaneously considering multiple place categories provided in CMR. In addition, our analysis comprises a 56-day lockdown period for each locality and COVID-19 wave, which we analyze both as 56-day periods and as 14-day consecutive windows. Methods: We use locality-wise calibrated CMR data, which we process through seasonal-trend decomposition by LOESS (STL) to isolate trend from seasonal and noise effects. We scale trend data to draw Pareto-compliant conclusions using radar charts. For each temporal granularity considered, data for a given place category is aggregated using the area under the curve (AUC) approach. Results: In general, reduction rates observed during the first wave were much higher than during the second. Alarmingly, December holiday season mobility in some of the localities reached pre-pandemic levels for some of the place categories reported. Manaus was the only locality where second wave mobility was nearly as reduced as during the first wave, likely due to the P1 variant outbreak and oxygen supply crisis.
