ABSTRACT
Our aim was to evaluate the independent and associated effects of nandrolone decanoate (DECA) and resistance exercise (REx) on central and peripheral hormones and neuropeptides related to energy balance in male rats. The experimental protocol was performed for eight weeks and comprised four groups: control (C) - exposed to vehicle 3x/wk; trained (T) - REx 5x/wk and vehicle 3x/wk; decanoate (D) - exposed to DECA (5 mg/kg) 3x/wk, and REx with DECA (TD) - submitted to REx 5x/wk and DECA (5 mg/kg) 3x/wk. Cross-sectional area analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle was higher in the T and TD groups compared to the C group. Biometrical analyses showed a decrease in body weight only in the TD compared to the C group, however, a reduction in total fat mass was observed in both the T and TD when compared to the C group. In respect of hypothalamic mRNA expression, there was an increase in prepro-orexin in the T compared to the C group. In mesenteric fat there was a decrease in leptin expression in the T and TD compared to the C group. Plasma evaluations showed reduced leptin concentrations in D, T and TD compared to C, and an increase in orexin-A in the D group compared to the C and T groups. Our data showed that REx was related to central and peripheral changes in energy metabolism, while DECA changed only peripheral components. REx associated with DECA promoted peripheral changes in energy metabolism and decreased body and fat weights.
Subject(s)
Nandrolone DecanoateABSTRACT
Turner syndrome (TS) is a common genetic disorder in females associated with the absence of complete or parts of a second sex chromosome. In 5-12% of patients, mosaicism for a cell line with a normal or structurally abnormal Y chromosome is identified. The presence of Y-chromosome material is of medical importance because it results in an increased risk of developing gonadal tumours and virilisation. Molecular study and fluorescence in situ hybridisation approaches were used to study 74 Brazilian TS patients in order to determine the frequency of hidden Y-chromosome mosaicism, and to infer the potential risk of developing malignancies. Additionally, we describe one TS girl with a very uncommon karyotype 46,X,der(X)t(X;Y)(p22.3?2;q11.23) comprising a partial monosomy of Xp22.3?2 together with a partial monosomy of Yq11.23. The presence of cryptic Y-chromosome-specific sequences was detected in 2.7% of the cases. All patients with Y-chromosome-positive sequences showed normal female genitalia with no signs of virilisation. Indeed, the clinical data from Y-chromosome-positive patients was very similar to those with Y-negative results. Therefore, we recommend that the search for hidden Y-chromosome mosaicism should be carried out in all TS cases and not be limited to virilised patients or carriers of a specific karyotype.