Spatio-temporal distribution of cigarette butt contamination in urban beaches with varying levels of use.

This study assessed the extent of cigarette butt contamination on two urban beaches in Recife-PE (Pernambuco State, Brazil) with varying levels of use. The study considered degradation levels and evaluated whether the brands varied by time, space, and beaches use. Ten transects (1.5 m wide) and spaced 10 m apart, were delimited on the beaches investigated. Twelve collections were made between May 2021 and January 2022, and the collected cigarette butts were evaluated based on degradation level, mass, size, and brand. In total, 10,275 cigarette butts were collected on both beaches, with P1 accounting for 96.91% of the found cigarette butts. The density of cigarette butts on the beaches was directly proportional to the level of use, with 8.85 butts/m2 in P1 and 1.05 butts/m2 in P2. Eighteen brands were identified, with brand (A) being the most popular regardless of the area. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found when evaluating the amount of butts/m2; Sundays with high precipitation presented reduced values of butts; more occupied areas presented transects with higher amounts; abundance in the summer; morphometry with higher values recorded in newly discarded butts; predominance of more degraded butts and brand diversity. Despite the difference in the number of butts/m2 between the areas, it was possible to identify that their abundance is very expressive, and that the monitored beaches present a high exposure to the contaminant.

Microplastic pollution in sediments of tropical shallow lakes.

Forty-eight tropical shallow lakes (depth ≤ 4 m) across a climatic gradient were assessed for microplastic (MPs; <5 mm) pollution based on MPs concentrations in archive samples from lake shore sediments. The MPs were classified by type (fragments or fibres), colour (yellow, black, red, green, blue, white, and transparent), size (0.55 to 4.93 mm), and polymer (polyester, polyethylene, chlorinated polyethylene, and polyamide). Sediments were predominantly medium sand, and all samples (144) contained MPs, consisting of 24 % fragments (6.3 ± 11.3 MPs·300 g-1) and 76 % fibres (21.25 ± 12.7 MPs·300 g-1). The lake climate (humid, transitional, or semi-arid), type of surrounding land use (urban, semi-arid, or rural), and distance from the shoreline (0, 5 or 10 m) did not explain the differences in MPs concentrations, partially refuting the initial hypothesis. The only significant difference was between the sample medians for the number of fragments based on the region (H = 7.586; p = 0.0481). The number of fragments in the lakes in the humid region was greater than that in the semi-arid region (p < 0.05). Poor sanitation, sewage effluents, and solid wastes reaching and accumulating in the lakes may be the primary and transversal conditioning factors for this small difference among diverse environments. Freshwater lakes are investigated in all continents, and the present study contributes to the first record of MPs in shallow lake sediments in eastern South America. The 48 shallow lakes assessed showed a relatively low concentration of MPs compared to other lake contaminants reported in the international literature. This information coincides with public policies issued, regarding the control and reduction of plastics and MPs in Brazil, and the study region.

Temporal analysis of environmental quality of Ponta Negra beach (Natal-RN) related to coastal erosion: what has changed in 10 years?

Ponta Negra beach is one of the main tourist destinations in the state of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil), which is used by many tourists. This study aimed to perform a temporal analysis of the environmental quality of the beach related to coastal erosion, considering environmental and anthropic parameters at two different times, 10 years apart. The total length of the beach (3 km) was subdivided into 10 sections of approximately 300 m numbered 1-10, from south to north. Eight parameters were assessed based on an attribute scale ranging from the worst to the best possible quality (1-4) found in each section. The sum of the parameters was used to determine the final score. To determine the level of environmental quality, four conditions were considered (excellent, good, regular, and bad). Compared with the first sampling period, the results indicated that 50% of the beach showed reduction in environmental quality. The "excellent" condition, obtained in the first sampling period for two of the sections, was not repeated in the second period. Two situations were responsible for the decrease in beach quality over time: the erosive process that took place after 2012 and consequent reduction in vegetation cover and width of the beach environment. The current state of the beach and its gradual loss of quality over the years indicate an unpromising trend towards recovery. The methodology used in this study can be easily repeated in other locations with similar problems, generating data that can help in understanding local conditions.

Three-dimensional hydrogel culture systems support growth and determination of chemosensitivity of feline sarcoma and carcinoma cell lines.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate feline injection site-associated sarcoma (FISAS) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) cells in 3-D hydrogel-based cell cultures to determine chemosensitivity to carboplatin at concentrations comparable to those eluted from carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate (C-ICSH) beads. SAMPLE: 2 immortalized cell lines, each from a histologically confirmed primary FISAS and FOSCC. PROCEDURES: Hydrogels (10% wt/vol) were formed via UV exposure from methacrylamide-functionalized gelatin dissolved in PBSS. For each cell line, approximately 100,000 cells were encapsulated per hydrogel. Three cell-seeded 3-D hydrogels were evaluated for each carboplatin concentration (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 µM) across 3 experiments. Drug efficacy was assessed by luminescence assay 72 hours after treatment. Growth of tumor cells treated with 300 µM or 600 µM carboplatin was evaluated using live-cell morphology imaging and confocal microscopy at 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment. RESULTS: Mean half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for FISAS and FOSCC cells ranged from 123 to 171 µM and 155 to 190 µM, respectively, based on luminescence assay. Viability at 3, 7, and 14 days for both cell lines at 300 µM carboplatin was 50%, 25%, and 5% and at 600 µM carboplatin was 25%, 10%, and < 5%. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: 3-D hydrogel cell culture systems supported growth of feline tumor cells for determination of in vitro chemosensitivity. IC50s of each cell line were within the range of carboplatin concentrations eluted from C-ICSH beads. Cells from FISAS and FOSCC cell lines treated with carboplatin showed dose-dependent and time-dependent decreases in viability.

Three-dimensional hydrogel culture systems support growth and determination of chemosensitivity of feline sarcoma and carcinoma cell lines.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate feline injection site-associated sarcoma (FISAS) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (FOSCC) cells in 3-D hydrogel-based cell cultures to determine chemosensitivity to carboplatin at concentrations comparable to those eluted from carboplatin-impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate (C-ICSH) beads. SAMPLE: 2 immortalized cell lines, each from a histologically confirmed primary FISAS and FOSCC. PROCEDURES: Hydrogels (10% wt/vol) were formed via UV exposure from methacrylamide-functionalized gelatin dissolved in PBSS. For each cell line, approximately 100,000 cells were encapsulated per hydrogel. Three cell-seeded 3-D hydrogels were evaluated for each carboplatin concentration (0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 µM) across 3 experiments. Drug efficacy was assessed by luminescence assay 72 hours after treatment. Growth of tumor cells treated with 300 µM or 600 µM carboplatin was evaluated using live-cell morphology imaging and confocal microscopy at 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment. RESULTS: Mean half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for FISAS and FOSCC cells ranged from 123 to 171 µM and 155 to 190 µM, respectively, based on luminescence assay. Viability at 3, 7, and 14 days for both cell lines at 300 µM carboplatin was 50%, 25%, and 5% and at 600 µM carboplatin was 25%, 10%, and < 5%. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: 3-D hydrogel cell culture systems supported growth of feline tumor cells for determination of in vitro chemosensitivity. IC50s of each cell line were within the range of carboplatin concentrations eluted from C-ICSH beads. Cells from FISAS and FOSCC cell lines treated with carboplatin showed dose-dependent and time-dependent decreases in viability.

Different faces of cigarette butts, the most abundant beach litter worldwide.

Cigarette butts (CBs) are non-biodegradable residues of synthetic origin, prevalent on beaches all over the world. The study evaluates discarded CBs on an intensely used urban beach, determining variations in physical and chemical characteristics. CBs collected were observed, classified, and visually separated according to a proposed scale of four levels of degradation to test the potential match between physical and chemical decay. CBs (un-smoked, smoked, and discarded) were used to determine the average length (cm) and mass (g) in order to observe changes in these parameters among the levels. Cigarette butts experience consecutive mass loss during environmental exposure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained to assess physical changes in fibers due to smoking. FTIR-ATR was used to assess CBs new (un-smoked), smoked, and discarded samples in relation to cellulose acetate decay. The FTIR-ATR spectroscopy of the most visually degraded cigarette butts indicated modifications in the spectra when compared to un-smoked cigarettes.

Outcome in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for small adrenal gland tumours without vascular invasion.

Veterinary studies have reported the outcome of adrenalectomies in dogs; however, these studies typically include a wide variety of adrenal tumour sizes, including cases with or without vascular invasion. The purpose of this study was to report outcome in a cohort of dogs with histologically confirmed small adrenal tumours without vascular invasion treated with adrenalectomy. This retrospective study was conducted using data from the University of Florida and University of California-Davis databases between 2010 and 2017. Dogs were included if they underwent excision of an adrenal gland tumour with a maximal diameter ≤ 3 cm, without evidence of vascular invasion to any location as assessed via computed tomography. Fifty-one dogs met the inclusion criteria. The short-term survival rate of dogs undergoing adrenalectomy was 92.2%, and one-year disease-specific survival was 83.3%. Twenty-eight of 51 (54.9%) dogs were diagnosed with a malignancy. Minor complications were observed commonly intra-operatively and post-operatively. Major complications were observed in six dogs, and included sudden death, respiratory arrest, acute kidney injury, haemorrhage, hypotension and aspiration pneumonia. Short-term mortality occurred in four dogs. Sudden death and haemorrhage were the most common major complications leading to death. While adrenalectomy is sometimes controversial because of the high perioperative mortality rates previously reported, the results of this study support that adrenalectomy for small tumours with no vascular invasion can be performed with low risk.

Intra-articular proximal jig pin placement during tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.

Background: During tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO), a TPLO jig is often used. For placement of the jig, one of the pins is placed slightly distal to the joint line. Erroneous pin placement may lead to intra-articular damage; however, the path of the pin tract has not been thoroughly investigated. Aim: To document the rate and identify potential risk factors of intra-articular jig pin placement in dogs undergoing TPLO with the use of a TPLO jig. Methods: Medical records and pre- and postoperative radiographs (2007-2017) of 696 dogs with TPLO performed with a jig were reviewed. Primary surgeon and tibial plateau angles (TPA) were recorded. Postoperative radiographs were evaluated and classified according to intra-articular jig pin placement. Medial tibial plateau jig pin placement was defined as a radiolucent tract on the osteochondral junction of the medial tibial plateau. Lateral tibial plateau placement was defined as a radiolucent tract within 3 mm of the medial tibial plateau with a pin trajectory penetrating the lateral tibial plateau. Rates of intra-articular jig pin placement were calculated, and associations between intra-articular jig pin placement and surgeon experience and TPA were assessed with a chi-squared test. Results: Thirty-seven (5.32%) dogs had intra-articular placement of the jig pin. Seven dogs had medial tibial plateau jig placement, and 30 had lateral tibial plateau placement. There was no relationship between the TPA or surgeon level of experience and intra-articular placement of the pin. Conclusion: This study serves as a reminder to be cautious when placing the proximal jig pin during TPLO to avoid intra-articular placement. In addition, guidelines for evaluating proximal jig pin placement on postoperative radiographs are provided.

Biocompatibility of bioabsorbable Mg-Ca alloys with rare earth elements addition.

The objectives were to investigate the mechanical strength and biocompatibility of Mg2Ca2Gd and Mg1Ca2Nd (wt%) alloys developed for biomedical application as implantable bioabsorbable devices. Samples were implanted in New-Zealand rabbits tibia for 3, 6 and 8 weeks and compatibility analysis involved whole blood test, biochemistry, histopathology, histology, and radiographs. Refinement in grains were observed in Mg2Ca2Gd alloy; and Mg5Gd, Mg41Nd5, α-Mg and Mg2Ca phases were identified. Polarization curves revealed easier oxidation of Mg2Ca2Gd alloy, smaller values of corrosion rate and a higher polarization resistance of Mg1Ca2Nd. Adequate compatibility of both alloys was identified with pre-osteoblast stem cells. Red and white cells stayed compatible with reference ranges. Enzymes from liver and kidneys stayed at regular values and samples from kidneys and liver tissues presented similar organization to control animals. Histological displays from implantation sites disclosed well-structured tissues with evidences of bone cells activities compatible with the new bone tissues observed. Radiographs from tibias did not revealed relevant gas pockets. Mg2Ca2Gd alloy demonstrated faster degradation. Adequate biocompatibility was observed in Mg-Ca alloys with RE addition, being potential candidates for development of metallic implantable bioabsorbable devices.

Limb-shortening limb salvage (LSLS) in a cat with metatarsal osteosarcoma.

The objective of this report was to document a successful partial limb amputation surgery in a cat with metatarsal osteosarcoma (OSA) including the use of pad grafts from the amputated foot. Limb shortening of the hindlimb through a partial amputation resulted in excellent limb function and usage. The patient retained functional use of the limb after surgery, with no lameness. There was no evidence of metastasis or local recurrence seen 323 days post-surgery. Limb shortening partial amputation is a reasonable option and can result in excellent limb use after surgery despite a significant loss in limb length.

Intervention pour raccourcir et sauver un membre chez un chat atteint d'un ostéosarcome métatarsien. L'objectif du présent rapport consistait à documenter une chirurgie d'amputation partielle réussie chez un chat atteint d'un ostéosarcome métatarsien y compris l'usage de greffes des coussinets du pied amputé. Le raccourcissement du membre postérieur par une amputation partielle a donné d'excellents résultats pour la fonction et l'usage du membre. Le patient a conservé l'usage fonctionnel du membre après la chirurgie, sans boiterie. Il n'y avait aucun signe de métastase ni de récurrence locale lors d'un examen 323 jours après la chirurgie. L'amputation partielle et le raccourcissement du membre sont une option raisonnable et peuvent produire une excellente utilisation du membre après la chirurgie malgré une perte importante de la longueur du membre.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Reverse Saphenous Conduit Flap in 19 Dogs and 1 Cat.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to report the outcomes of 19 dogs and 1 cat undergoing reverse saphenous conduit flap between 1999 and 2016. Reverse saphenous conduit flap was used to treat traumatic wounds and wounds resulting from tumor excision in the hind limb; the majority of cases had medial shearing injuries. All animals had complete flap survival. In five animals (20%), minor donor site dehiscence occurred, which did not require surgery. Other postoperative complications included signs of severe venous congestion in one dog. Reverse saphenous conduit flap is a useful technique to repair skin defects of the distal hind limb.

Seasonal variation in the abundance and distribution of Anomalocardia flexuosa (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Veneridae) in an estuarine intertidal plain.

Spatial and temporal density and biomass of the infaunal mollusk Anomalocardia flexuosa (Linnaeus, 1767) evaluated a tidal plain at Goiana estuary (Northeast Brazil). Three hundred and sixty core samples were taken during an annual cycle from three intertidal habitats (A, B and C). Shell ranged from 2.20 to 28.48 mm (15.08 ± 4.08 mm). Recruitment occurred more intensely from January to March. Total (0-1,129 g m-2) differed seasons (rainy and dry), with highest values in the early rainy season (221.0 ± 231.44 g m-2); and lowest values in the late dry season (57.34 ± 97 g m-2). The lowest occurred during the late rainy (319 ± 259 ind m-2) and early dry (496 ± 607 ind m-2) seasons. Extreme environmental situations (e.g., river flow, salinity and water temperature) at the end of each season also affected density ranges (late dry: 0-5,798 ind m-2; late rainy: 0-1,170 ind m-2). A. flexuosa in the Goiana estuary presented a dominance of juvenile individuals (shell length < 20 mm), with high biomass main the recruitment period. Average shell length, density and biomass values suggest overfishing of the stock unit. A. flexuosa is an important food and income resource along its whole distribution range. The species was previously also known as Anomalocardia brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791).

Skin depigmentation associated with toceranib phosphate in a dog.

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced depigmentation is frequently observed in humans undergoing tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, whereas it is not reported in dogs. The skin depigmentation can occur after the first week of treatment and it is reversible within a few weeks after drug discontinuation. OBJECTIVES: To report the clinical and histopathological features of an episode of cutaneous adverse drug reaction associated with short term administration of toceranib phosphate. CASE REPORT: An 11-year-old intact male Bernese mountain dog was presented for investigation of a subcutaneous mast cell tumour (MCT) including treatment options. The major abnormality on physical examination was a 7.5 × 10 cm subcutaneous mass located cranial to the left shoulder joint consistent with a MCT. Toceranib phosphate therapy was initiated. Fourteen days after initiating treatment, the dog presented with skin erosions near the lateral canthus of the left eye. Three weeks later there were multiple skin lesions characterized by alopecia and depigmentation involving left and right eyelids; leukotrichia of the periorbital areas and depigmentation of the nasal planum and all paw pads. Histopathological findings were nonspecific; they were supportive of vitiligo. Resolution of skin lesions was observed after stopping the toceranib phosphate therapy. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Based on the gross lesions, histopathological features before and after tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, and Naranjo score, this case was considered to be consistent with cutaneous adverse drug effects. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing the clinical and histopathological features of presumed drug-induced skin depigmentation in a dog receiving toceranib phosphate.

Microplastics ingestion by a common tropical freshwater fishing resource.

Microplastics pollution is widespread in marine ecosystems and a major threat to biodiversity. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the impacts of microplastics in freshwater environments and biota is still very limited. The interaction of microplastics with freshwater organisms and the risks associated with the human consumption of organisms that ingested microplastics remain major knowledge gaps. In this study, we assessed the ingestion of microplastics by Hoplosternum littorale, a common freshwater fish heavily consumed by humans in semi-arid regions of South America. We assessed the abundance and diversity of both plastic debris and other food items found in the gut of fishes caught by local fishermen. We observed that 83% of the fish had plastic debris inside the gut, the highest frequency reported for a fish species so far. Most of the plastic debris (88.6%) recovered from the guts of fish were microplastics (<5 mm), fibres being the most frequent type (46.6%). We observed that fish consumed more microplastics at the urbanized sections of the river, and that the ingestion of microplastics was negatively correlated with the diversity of other food items in the gut of individual fish. Nevertheless, microplastics ingestion appears to have a limited impact on H. littorale, and the consequences of human consumption of this fish were not assessed. Our results suggest freshwater biota are vulnerable to microplastics pollution and that urbanization is a major factor contributing to the pollution of freshwater environments with microplastics. We suggest the gut content of fish could be used as a tool for the qualitative assessment of microplastics pollution in freshwater ecosystems. Further research is needed to determine the processes responsible for the high incidence of microplastics ingestion by H. littorale, and to evaluate the risk posed to humans by the consumption of freshwater fish that ingested microplastics.

Thymoma associated with exfoliative dermatitis in a cat.

A 7-year-old, castrated male, domestic shorthair cat presented with generalized exfoliative dermatitis, lethargy, anorexia and weight loss. Multiple skin scrapings taken at the time did not reveal any abnormalities. Skin histopathological examination was consistent with sebaceous adenitis or exfoliative dermatitis caused by an underlying thymoma (thymoma-associated feline exfoliative dermatitis). Thoracic radiographs revealed a cranial mediastinal mass, which was removed surgically. Histopathological examinations indicated that it was a thymoma. Within 90 days of surgery, the cutaneous signs had resolved, suggesting a causal relationship between the thymoma and the skin disease. Recurrence of thymoma was detected 24 months after surgery.

Plastic debris retention and exportation by a mangrove forest patch.

An experiment observed the behavior of selected tagged plastic items deliberately released in different habitats of a tropical mangrove forest in NE Brazil in late rainy (September) and late dry (March) seasons. Significant differences were not reported among seasons. However, marine debris retention varied among habitats, according to characteristics such as hydrodynamic (i.e., flow rates and volume transported) and relative vegetation (Rhizophora mangle) height and density. The highest grounds retained significantly more items when compared to the borders of the river and the tidal creek. Among the used tagged items, PET bottles were more observed and margarine tubs were less observed, being easily transported to adjacent habitats. Plastic bags were the items most retained near the releasing site. The balance between items retained and items lost was positive, demonstrating that mangrove forests tend to retain plastic marine debris for long periods (months-years).

On the importance of size of plastic fragments and pellets on the strandline: a snapshot of a Brazilian beach.

Virgin plastic pellets and plastic fragments are reported as ubiquitous beach contaminants in the peer-reviewed literature. A surface density of 0.3 virgin plastic pellets and plastic fragments per square centimeter of the strandline area was registered on an urban beach of the northeast of Brazil. This beach is presently not affected by petrochemical facilities or pellet processing plants. The main source of fragments (96.7%) was attributed to the breaking down of larger plastic items deposited on the beach. In the case of virgin plastic pellets (3.3%), the main sources were the marine environment and possibly nearby port facilities. This category of plastic pollutant offers particular threats to the marine environment and to beach users.

Plastic litter on an urban beach---a case study in Brazil.

Beaches are subject to solid waste contamination at the strandline. Litter depositional dynamics is influenced by specific beach morphology and sources of solid wastes. The amount of items on the strandline of Boa Viagem beach (Recife, Brazil) was evaluated during dry and rainy seasons of 2005 to characterize their sources and depositional patterns. The strandline was surveyed once a month to count and classify all visible solid waste items within a belt-transect. Plastics were used for detailed analysis of the wastes accumulated. There were quantitative, but not qualitative, differences in litter accumulation during the year and parts of the beach. The main source of debris was land-based. In general, the beach was low-polluted in the dry season and medium-polluted during the rainy season. The method is a low-cost and highly efficient characterization of solid wastes contamination of urban beaches.

Diagnóstico e intervenção de enfermagem de paciente cirúrgico: aplicação do modelo de Orlando / Diagnosis and intervention on surgical patient: Orlando's model application / Diagnostico e intervencion de enfermeria em el pacien te quirurgico: aplicacion del modelo de orland

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, tendo como sujeito um paciente em período pré-operatório, internado na clinica cirúrgica do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio da Universidade Federal do Ceará, no período de outubro a dezembro de 1997, com o objetivo de identificar diagnósticos de enfermagem e propor intervenções tendo por base o processo de Orlando. Os diagnósticos encontrados foram: dor relacionada à lesão ulcerosa no olho esquerdo, ansiedade relacionada à ameça/mudanças no estudo de saúde e necessidades não atendidas, medo de morrer relacionado à cirurgia programada, senso-percepção visual alterada à esquerda relacionada à lesão no orgão de recepção (olho esquerdo), potencial para infecção relacionada à lesão ulcerosa no olho esquerdo, integridade tissular prejudicada relacionada ao fator mecânico (presença de massa tumoral no olho esquerdo) e déficit de conhecimentos relacionados à doença, cirurgia, prognóstico e motivos que determinaram as suspensões das cirurgias. As intervensões de enfermagem propostas foram: estimular a verbalização dos sentimentos, orientar quanto à doença, prognóstico e período pré-operatório, e infromar sobre os motivos dos cancelamentos da cirurgia, solicitando a colaboração do cirurgião. Os resultados mostraram ser viável a utilização do diagnóstico de enfermagem e do modelo de Orlando, bem como a importância da interação enfermeira-paciente na assistência prestada.