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1.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol ; 100(8): 728-740, 2022 Aug 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35880679

ABSTRACT

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in adult central nervous system (CNS) synapses, but it excites immature CNS neurons as well as neurons in the myenteric plexus. The present work aimed to determine whether GABA-induced nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) neuronal-mediated relaxation of the rat duodenum is dependent on the activity of Na+ K+ Cl- cotransporters (NKCC) and requires calcium influx. In the presence of guanethidine (3 µmol/L), atropine (3 µmol/L), and indomethacin (1 µmol/L), relaxations induced by GABA (100 µmol/L), KCl (5-10 mmol/L) and electrical field stimulation (1-8 Hz, 2 ms, 60 V), but not those induced by bradykinin (10-100 nmol/L) were abolished by lidocaine (300 µmol/L). However, only GABA-induced relaxations were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by the NKCC1/2 inhibitors bumetanide (0.1-1 µmol/L) and furosemide (1-10 µmol/L). GABA-induced NANC neuronal relaxation was abolished by bicuculline (30 µmol/L) and inhibited by N-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 300 µmol/L). The ω-conotoxin GVIA (1 µmol/L), which acts exclusively on neuronal CaV2 channels, but not on smooth muscle voltage-gated Ca2+ CaV1 channels, and nonselective blockers of these channels (verapamil 100 nmol/L and ruthenium red 10 µmol/L), reduced GABA-induced relaxations. These results showed that the activation of GABAA receptors induces NANC nitrergic neuronal relaxations in the rat duodenum, which depend on NKCC activity and CaV2 channel activation, suggesting that this phenomenon results from neuronal depolarization promoted by Cl- efflux through GABAA receptors, with subsequent Ca2+ influx and nitric oxide release.


Subject(s)
Muscle Relaxation , Muscle, Smooth , Animals , Duodenum , Electric Stimulation , NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology , Nitric Oxide , Rats , gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology
2.
Einstein (Sao Paulo) ; 13(3): 395-403, 2015.
Article in English, Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26466063

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To describe and to characterize the relaxing effect of an extract of the bark of Combretum leprosum on isolated arterial rings from different animals. METHODS: Rings (3 to 4mm) from rabbit, rat, or porcine arteries rings were suspended in an organ bath (Krebs, 37°C, 95%O2/5%CO2) to record isometric contractions. After the stabilization period (2 to 3 hours) contractions were induced by the addition of phenylephrine (0.1 to 0.3µM) or U46619 (10 to 100nM), and Combretum leprosum extract was added on the plateau of the contractions. Experiments were performed to determine the potency, duration, reversibility, and to get insights on the potential mechanism involved in extract-induced relaxations. RESULTS: In all rings tested, Combretumleprosum extract (1.5µg/mL) was able to cause relaxations, which were strictly endothelium-dependent. In rabbit or rat thoracic aorta rings, the relaxations were reversed by vitamin B12a or L-NG-nitroarginine. In porcine right coronary arteries and rabbit abdominal aorta, extract caused both L-NG-nitroarginine-sensitive and L-NG-nitroarginine-resistant relaxations. In rabbit thoracic aorta, the extract was relatively potent (EC50=0.20µg/mL) and caused relaxations; intriguingly the endothelium continued to produce relaxing factors for a long period after removing the extract. The magnitude of extract-induced relaxations was significantly reduced in the absence of extracellular Ca2+; in addition, the TRPs channels blocker ruthenium red (10µM) was able to revert extract-induced relaxations. Phytochemical analyses indicated that the extract was rich in polyphenol-like reacting substances. CONCLUSIONS: Combretum leprosum extract contains bioactive compounds capable of promoting Ca2+-dependent stimulation of endothelial cells which results in a prolonged production of relaxing factors.


Subject(s)
Combretum/chemistry , Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors/pharmacology , Muscle Relaxation/drug effects , Nitric Oxide/pharmacology , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Animals , Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects , Aorta, Abdominal/physiology , Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects , Aorta, Thoracic/physiology , Carotid Artery, Common/drug effects , Carotid Artery, Common/physiology , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/physiology , Female , Guinea Pigs , Male , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/drug effects , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/physiology , Mice , Muscle Relaxation/physiology , Plant Bark/chemistry , Rabbits , Rats, Wistar , Swine , Time Factors
3.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 13(3): 395-403, July-Sep. 2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-761966

ABSTRACT

Objective To describe and to characterize the relaxing effect of an extract of the bark of Combretum leprosum on isolated arterial rings from different animals.Methods Rings (3 to 4mm) from rabbit, rat, or porcine arteries rings were suspended in an organ bath (Krebs, 37°C, 95%O2/5%CO2) to record isometric contractions. After the stabilization period (2 to 3 hours) contractions were induced by the addition of phenylephrine (0.1 to 0.3µM) or U46619 (10 to 100nM), and Combretum leprosum extract was added on the plateau of the contractions. Experiments were performed to determine the potency, duration, reversibility, and to get insights on the potential mechanism involved in extract-induced relaxations.Results In all rings tested, Combretumleprosum extract (1.5μg/mL) was able to cause relaxations, which were strictly endothelium-dependent. In rabbit or rat thoracic aorta rings, the relaxations were reversed by vitamin B12a or L-NG-nitroarginine. In porcine right coronary arteries and rabbit abdominal aorta, extract caused both L-NG-nitroarginine-sensitive and L-NG-nitroarginine-resistant relaxations. In rabbit thoracic aorta, the extract was relatively potent (EC50=0.20µg/mL) and caused relaxations; intriguingly the endothelium continued to produce relaxing factors for a long period after removing the extract. The magnitude of extract-induced relaxations was significantly reduced in the absence of extracellular Ca2+; in addition, the TRPs channels blocker ruthenium red (10µM) was able to revert extract-induced relaxations. Phytochemical analyses indicated that the extract was rich in polyphenol-like reacting substances.ConclusionsCombretum leprosum extract contains bioactive compounds capable of promoting Ca2+-dependent stimulation of endothelial cells which results in a prolonged production of relaxing factors.


Objetivo Descrever e caracterizar os relaxamentos induzidos por um extrato das cascas de Combretum leprosum em anéis de artérias de diferentes espécies de animais.Métodos Anéis (3 a 4mm) de artérias de coelho, rato e porco foram montados em cubas para órgão isolado (Krebs, 37°C, 95%O2/5%CO2) para registro das contrações isométricas. Após um período de estabilização (2 a 3 horas), as contrações foram induzidas com fenilefrina (0,1 a 0,3µM) ou U46619 (10 a 100nM); no platô dessas contrações, adicionamos o extrato Combretum leprosum. Diferentes protocolos foram realizados para determinar potência, duração, reversibilidade e mecanismo dos relaxamentos induzidos pelo extrato.Resultados Em todas as preparações testadas, o extrato de Combretum leprosum (1,5µg/mL) provocou relaxamentos dependentes de endotélio. Em aorta torácica de coelho ou rato, os relaxamentos foram revertidos pela vitamina B12a ou L-NG-nitro-arginina. Em anéis de aorta abdominal de coelho e de artérias coronárias de porco, o extrato causou relaxamentos sensíveis e resistentes à L-NG-nitro-arginina. Em aorta torácica de coelho, o extrato foi relativamente muito potente (EC50=0,20μg/mL) e quando causou relaxamentos; intrigantemente o endotélio continuou a produzir fatores relaxantes por um longo período após remoção do extrato. A magnitude dos relaxamentos induzidos pelo extrato foi significativamente reduzida em ausência Ca2+ extracelular; ademais, o vermelho de rutênio (10μM), um bloqueador de canais TRPs, foi capaz de reverter os relaxamentos induzidos pelo extrato. Análises preliminares indicaram que o extrato continha compostos com reatividade química semelhante à polifenóis.Conclusão O extrato de Combretum leprosum contem compostos bioativos capazes de promover estimulação dependente de Ca2+ das células endoteliais a qual resulta numa produção prolongada de fatores relaxantes.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Guinea Pigs , Male , Mice , Rabbits , Combretum/chemistry , Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors/pharmacology , Muscle Relaxation/drug effects , Nitric Oxide/pharmacology , Acetylcholine/pharmacology , Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects , Aorta, Abdominal/physiology , Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects , Aorta, Thoracic/physiology , Carotid Artery, Common/drug effects , Carotid Artery, Common/physiology , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/physiology , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/drug effects , Mesenteric Artery, Superior/physiology , Muscle Relaxation/physiology , Plant Bark/chemistry , Rats, Wistar , Swine , Time Factors
4.
Säo Paulo; s.n; 2001. [99] p. ilus, tab.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-288751

ABSTRACT

A TP e o CPA, antagonista da Ca2+-ATPase do Retículo Sarcoplasmátíco, promoveu uma contração tônica devido principalmente ao influxo de cálcio do meio extracelular. Estes compostos ativam dois tipos de influxos: nas concentrações de 3nM-1OnM e 1OOnM- 1mM, a TP e o CPA, respectivamente, ativam influxo de cálcio através de canais de cálcio do subtipo L, ao passo que, a TP e o CPA, na concentração à partir de 30 nM e 3 mM, respectivamente, ativam influxos de cálcio através de canais de cálcio alternativos aos de dihidropiridinas. Em fundus de estômago incorporado com o FURA 2 em meio Tyrode com Ca2+ (1,8 mM), a adição da TP (2 mM) e do CPA (30 mM) induziram uma lenta resposta contrátil, de natureza tônica, e estas respostas foram associadas a um aumento nos níveis da razão do FURA 2. Como a contração sustentada desencadeada por estes compostos apenas foi revertida quando lavamos a preparação em meio Tyrode nominal sem cálcio e na ausência de TP e CPA, podemos inferir, indiretamente, que o Retículo Sarcoplasmático participa ativamente nos processos de extrusão de Ca2+ em fundus do estômago de rata, modulando assim o tônus muscular. Ao expormos o tecido em meio nominal sem cálcio, estes compostos falharam em promover aumento nos níveis intracelulares da [Ca2+]i, ou de tensão mecânica. É provável que, em meio Tyrode nominal sem cálcio, a quantidade de cálcio acumulado no citosol do tecido devido a inibição da Ca2+-ATPase do RS desencadeado pela TP ou pelo CPA, é insuficiente para ativar a maquinaria contrátil. Dessa forma, a presença de Ca2+ no meio extracelular, bem como a depleção dos estoques intracelulares promovida pela TP e pelo CPA, e o subsequente influxo de cálcio pela membrana plasmática em resposta a depleção, são necessários para ativar a maquinaria contrátil com conseqüente contração muscular. Com o intuito de verificar se o esvaziamento de estoques intracelulares de Ca2+ induzido por TP, CPA e Cafeína, promove entrada de Ca2+ regulada por estoques e se este influxo altera a resposta contrátil, estudamos simultaneamente a contração e os níveis de [Ca2+ ]i em fundus de estômago de rata incorporado com o FURA 2. A readição de Ca2+ (1,8 mM) induziu um aumento da [Ca2+]i associado a um aumento de tensão em fundus de estômago incubado com o CPA e Isradipina em meio Tyrode nominal sem cálcio. Em contrapartida, o aumento da [Ca2+]i sustentado observado na presença de TP não foi acompanhado de um aumento de tensão significa...


Subject(s)
Caffeine , Gastric Fundus , Muscle, Smooth , Thapsigargin
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