Financial Literacy and Physician Wellness: Can a Financial Curriculum Improve an Obstetrician/Gynecologist Resident and Fellow's Well-Being?

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a financial literacy curriculum on resident and fellow's sense of well-being and financial stress. Study Design This single institution pilot study prospectively enrolled obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) medical trainees (residents and fellows) to take part in a five-part personal financial literacy curriculum during the 2019 to 2020 academic year. Topics covered included the following: financial education and its relationship to personal well-being, overview of financial terms and principles, budgeting, debt planning, and investing and giving. Primary outcomes were the improvement in well-being as measured by the Expanded Well-Being Index (E-WBI) and financial stress as measured by the Financial Stress Scale-College Version (FSS-CV) survey. Results Of the 35 residents and fellows who participated in the study, 21 (60%) completed the postintervention survey. After course completion, there was significant improvement in the individual's E-WBI ( p < 0.05) and no significant improvement in their FSS-CV ( p = 0.06). After completing the course, trainees agreed that financial literacy improved their sense of well-being ( p = 0.018). Conclusion Cultivating financial literacy is associated with an improvement in the sense of well-being in residents and fellows and should be considered for inclusion in other graduate medical education (GME) programs.

Determination of anatomic level of myelomeningocele by prenatal ultrasound.

PURPOSE: Ultrasound is the primary method for prenatal identification of myelomeningocele and is critical to prognostication and treatment planning. No study has considered the degree of inaccuracy of prenatal US lesion level estimates and anatomic lesion level on postnatal imaging using the weighted kappa coefficient (κw), nor the impact of maternal BMI on agreement. We examined the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound lesion level estimation in a cohort of patients with myelomeningocele using κw and determined whether BMI influenced accuracy. METHODS: The study is a retrospective review including patients born 2011-2019 who had prenatal imaging and primary myelomeningocele closure at a single institution. Lesion levels from prenatal ultrasound and postnatal imaging studies were analyzed for agreement at exact level, within 1 level, and within 2 levels using κw. Maternal BMI was examined for correlation with accuracy. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients met inclusion criteria. Mean BMI was 31.2. There was no association between maternal BMI and agreement at any level. Lesion level on prenatal ultrasound agreed with postnatal imaging to the exact level in 13 (22.8%) cases, within 1 level in 38 (66.7%) cases, and within 2 levels in 50 (87.7%) cases. Weighted kappa showed moderate agreement at exact level (κw = 0.494) and substantial agreement within 1 (κw = 0.761) and 2 levels (κw = 0.902). CONCLUSION: Weighted kappa adds confidence for clinical decision making by accounting for accuracy. Prenatal ultrasound is a reliable and accurate method of determining lesion level with near-perfect agreement to postnatal imaging within 2 spinal levels. Maternal BMI may not influence lesion level determination after initial diagnosis.

Resistance Training Does Not Decrease Placental Blood Flow During Valsalva Maneuver: A Novel Use of 3D Doppler Power Flow Ultrasonography.

BACKGROUND: The Valsalva maneuver may increase maternal blood pressure and intra-abdominal pressure, resulting in decreased blood flow to the fetus during resistance training. HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant reduction in placental blood flow in pregnancy during resistance training in recreational athletes, as documented by a 3-dimensional power flow Doppler ultrasonography. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: A cohort of healthy women who participated in recreational athletics was enrolled in a prospective study to assess placental blood flow during a resistance exercise. A 1 repetition maximum (1RM, up to 50 lb) was determined through a modified chest press as a marker of heavy resistance training. Three-dimensional volume measurements and power Doppler flow were determined at the rest phase and during the 1RM lift phase. The vascular flow index (VFI) was calculated to determine placental perfusion during each phase. RESULTS: A total of 22 women participated. The mean age of participants was 31 years. Gestational age ranged from 13 to 28 weeks. Average 1RM weight lifted was 30 lb. Four women (18%) were able to lift 50 lb, the maximum weight that the study allowed. The remaining 18 women (82%) lifted their true 1RM. Mean VFI during lift phase was 2.185 compared with 2.071 at rest (P = 0.03). There was a slight mean increase in VFI during lift phase, 0.114 (95% CI 0.009-0.182) from 2.071 to 2.185 with lifting (P = 0.03). The 15 women who participated in structured exercise had a mean VFI at rest and during the lift phase of 2.031 and 2.203, respectively (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional power flow Doppler imaging can guide resistance training during pregnancy to prevent fetal injury due to hypoperfusion. Resistance training up to an RM1 of 50 lb did not result in a significant reduction of placental blood flow from resting state in the study population. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This technique may be used to guide training parameters among pregnant athletes.

Association between Maternal Serum Hormones along the Maternal-Fetal Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Successful Vaginal Delivery Measured Prior to Labor Induction.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate if maternal serum hormones along the maternal-fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, when drawn prior to labor induction, differed between women who delivered vaginally and those who underwent cesarean. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective observational study at a single perinatal center performed from August 2017 to May 2018. Nulliparous women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies ≥39 weeks had maternal serum collected prior to induction. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) was measured by ELISA; dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), cortisol, estriol (E3) estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) were measured by chemiluminescent reaction. Mean analyte concentrations as well as three ratios (E2/P4, E3/P4, and E2/E3) were compared between women who had a vaginal versus cesarean delivery. Logistic regression was used to model the relationship between CRH and the odds of vaginal birth. We estimated that a sample size of 66 would have 90% power to detect a 25% difference in mean CRH levels assuming a vaginal:cesarean ratio of 2:1 with a baseline CRH concentration of 140 (standard deviation = 36) pg/mL. RESULTS: Of the 88 women who had their serum analyzed, 27 (31%) underwent cesarean. Mean maternal serum CRH levels were similar between the vaginal delivery and cesarean groups (122.6 ± 95.2 vs. 112.3 ± 142.4, p = 0.73). Similarly, there were no significant differences in any other maternal serum analytes or ratios. Logistic regression showed a nonsignificant odds ratio for successful vaginal birth (p = 0.69) even when evaluating only the 16 women who had a cesarean for an arrest disorder (p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: In low-risk nulliparous women undergoing full-term labor induction, there were no differences noted in a broad array of other maternal-fetal HPA-axis hormones between women who had a vaginal or cesarean delivery.

The added value of screening fetal echocardiography after normal cardiac views on a detailed ultrasound.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate fetal echocardiography's ability to detect critical (lesions requiring immediate neonatal intensive care) congenital heart disease (CHD) after normal anatomic cardiac views on detailed ultrasound. METHODS: Singletons with both a detailed ultrasound at 18 + 0 to 22 + 6 weeks and echocardiogram performed at least 14 days later and at 20 + 0 to 24 + 6 weeks. Cases with cardiac pathology on detailed ultrasound were excluded. Different combinations of cardiac views were described: Basic (four-chamber, outflow tracts), Expanded (plus three-vessel view), and Complete (plus ductal/aortic arches). "Normal" was defined on either 2D gray scale or color Doppler. Primary outcome was rates of critical CHD missed on ultrasound but seen on fetal echocardiogram. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred twenty-three women had normal Basic cardiac views. One thousand one hundred ninety (97.3%) were confirmed normal on echocardiogram. Twenty-one (1.71%) total CHDs were missed, and three were critical (0.25%; 95% CI, 0.03%-0.53%). Of the 1,223 women, 763 had Complete views. Ten (1.31%) total CHDs were missed and one (0.13%; 95% CI, 0.13%-0.36%) was confirmed critical. CONCLUSION: Fetal echocardiography can increase CHD detection despite normal cardiac anatomy on detailed ultrasound; however, CHDs missed are rarely critical. Approximately 750 fetal echocardiograms need to be performed to detect one critical CHD with Complete normal cardiac views on detailed ultrasound.

Estimating Gestational Age from Ultrasound: External Validation of the NICHD Formula with Comparison to the Hadlock Regression.

OBJECTIVE: To externally validate the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) formula developed from the National Fetal Growth Studies-Singletons and compare with 1984 Hadlock regression in a general obstetrical population. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of nonanomalous singletons with a crown-rump length (CRL) and ≥1 additional ultrasound (US) with complete fetal biometrics. CRL established the referent estimated due date to calculate the error at every examination from both formulas. Error was the difference between the CRL-derived gestational age (GA) and each method's predicted GA. Comparisons were also made in three GA intervals: 1 (140/7-206/7), 2 (210/7-286/7), and 3 (≥290/7). Odds ratios evaluated the likelihood of errors outside the prespecified (±) day ranges. Repeated measures analysis of variance and generalized estimating equations controlled multiple US in the same patient. RESULTS: A total of 6,043 patients produced 16,904 USs for evaluation. The NICHD formula yielded significantly smaller mean errors in all GA ranges compared with the Hadlock formula (p < 0.01). In interval 3, the NICHD formula had significantly lower odds of discerning examinations outside the prespecified error range (odds ratio: 1.27). CONCLUSION: The NICHD formula is a valid estimate of estimating GA in a general obstetrical population and was superior to the Hadlock formula, most notably in the third trimester.

Neonatal Outcomes Based on Duration of Exposure to Antenatal Corticosteroids in Indicated Preterm Deliveries.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how duration of exposure to antenatal corticosteroids (ACSs) prior to delivery affects neonatal outcomes in indicated preterm deliveries. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort of all indicated singleton preterm deliveries (23-34 weeks) in a single tertiary center from 2011 to 2014 comparing those who received ACS 2 to 7 days versus >7 days prior to delivery. The primary neonatal outcome was a composite of arterial cord pH < 7 or base excess ≤ 12, 5-minute Apgar ≤ 3, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, culture-proven neonatal sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage grade III/IV, necrotizing enterocolitis, and neonatal death. Analyses were stratified by delivering gestational age (230/7-276/7, 280/7-316/7, and 320/7-336/7 weeks). Multivariate logistic regression refined point estimates and adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: In total, 301 women delivered >48 hours after initial ACS dose, 230 delivered within 2 to 7 days, and 71 delivered >7 days. Infants with an interval of >7 days had no significant increase in the unadjusted composite neonatal outcome (p = 0.42), but when adjusted, the composite neonatal outcome (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-6.31) and neonatal death (AOR: 4.20; 95% CI: 1.39-12.69) were significantly increased with an ACS interval of >7 day. CONCLUSION: In this cohort, the benefit of ACS diminished >7 days after administration, particularly when delivery occurred at <32 weeks.

Estimating Gestational Age With Sonography: Regression-Derived Formula Versus the Fetal Biometric Average.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the accuracy of a new regression-derived formula developed from the National Fetal Growth Studies data to the common alternative method that uses the average of the gestational ages (GAs) calculated for each fetal biometric measurement (biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length). METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study identified nonanomalous singleton pregnancies that had a crown-rump length plus at least 1 additional sonographic examination with complete fetal biometric measurements. With the use of the crown-rump length to establish the referent estimated date of delivery, each method's (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development regression versus Hadlock average [Radiology 1984; 152:497-501]), error at every examination was computed. Error, defined as the difference between the crown-rump length-derived GA and each method's predicted GA (weeks), was compared in 3 GA intervals: 1 (14 weeks-20 weeks 6 days), 2 (21 weeks-28 weeks 6 days), and 3 (≥29 weeks). In addition, the proportion of each method's examinations that had errors outside prespecified (±) day ranges was computed by using odds ratios. RESULTS: A total of 16,904 sonograms were identified. The overall and prespecified GA range subset mean errors were significantly smaller for the regression compared to the average (P < .01), and the regression had significantly lower odds of observing examinations outside the specified range of error in GA intervals 2 (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.31) and 3 (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.32) than the average method. CONCLUSIONS: In a contemporary unselected population of women dated by a crown-rump length-derived GA, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development regression formula produced fewer estimates outside a prespecified margin of error than the commonly used Hadlock average; the differences were most pronounced for GA estimates at 29 weeks and later.

Fetal ventriculomegaly and herpes encephalitis following primary maternal herpes simplex infection.

Uteroplacental transmission of a primary herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in pregnancy has been reported; however, HSV ventriculomegaly of the neonate has not been well documented in utero. We present a case of a 19-year-old woman who developed a primary HSV outbreak at 17 weeks of gestation and was treated with acyclovir. A congenital malformation scan at 18 weeks of gestation demonstrated no fetal abnormalities; however, an ultrasound at 33 weeks showed a new finding of ventriculomegaly. Additionally, hydrocephalus was confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging. New-onset ventriculomegaly in the setting of primary HSV infection in pregnancy should be considered as an in utero diagnostic indicator of antenatal herpes simplex infection and herpes encephalitis.

Attenuation of hyperglycemia-induced apoptotic signaling and anti-angiogenic milieu in cultured cytotrophoblast cells.

OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia (preE) is a hypertensive disorder that occurs 20% in diabetic pregnancy. We have shown that hyperglycemia impairs cytotrophoblast cell (CTB) function. In this study, we assess apoptotic and anti-angiogenic signaling in excess glucose-induced CTBs. STUDY DESIGN: Human extravillous CTBs (Sw. 71) were treated with 100, 150, 200, 300, or 400 mg/dL glucose for 48 h. Some cells were pretreated with a p38 inhibitor (SB203580) or a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) ligand (rosiglitazone) or with D-mannitol. Cell lysates were utilized to measure p38 MAPK phosphorylation, PPARγ, Bcl-2-associated-X protein (Bax), anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, caspase-9, and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression by western blot. Levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), soluble endoglin (sEng), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured in culture media using ELISA kits. Statistical comparisons were performed using analysis of variance with Duncan's post hoc test. RESULTS: p38 phosphorylation and PPARγ were upregulated (p < 0.05) in CTBs treated with ≥150 mg/dL glucose compared to basal (100 mg/dL). Expressions of Bax/Bcl-2, Cox-2, and caspase-9 were upregulated (p < 0.05) in CTBs treated with ≥150 mg/dL glucose. Secretion of sFlt-1, sEng, and IL-6 was increased while VEGF and PIGF were decreased in CTB-treated ≥150 mg/dl of glucose (*p < 0.01 for each). SB203580 or rosiglitazone pretreatment significantly attenuated hyperglycemia-induced apoptotic and anti-angiogenic signaling. D-Mannitol had no effect. CONCLUSION: Hyperglycemia induced apoptotic and anti-angiogenic signaling in CTBs. The observed diminution of hyperglycemia-induced signaling by SB203580 or rosiglitazone pretreatment suggests the involvement of apoptotic and anti-angiogenic signaling in CTB dysfunction.

Hyperglycemia impairs cytotrophoblast function via stress signaling.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for preeclampsia. Cytotrophoblast (CTB) invasion is facilitated from the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), regulated by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), and may be inhibited in preeclampsia. This study assessed signaling mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced CTB dysfunction. STUDY DESIGN: Human CTBs were treated with 45, 135, 225, 495, or 945 mg/dL glucose for 48 hours. Some cells were pretreated with a p38 inhibitor (SB203580) or a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) ligand (rosiglitazone). Expression of uPA, PAI-1, and PPAR-γ levels and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation were measured by Western blot in cell lysates. Messenger ribonucleic acid of uPA and PAI-1 was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Levels of interleukin-6, angiogenic (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], placenta growth factor [PlGF]) and antiangiogenic factors (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 [sFlt-1], soluble endoglin [sEng]) were measured in the media by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Statistical comparisons were performed using analysis of variance with a Duncan's post-hoc test. RESULTS: Both uPA and PAI-1 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid were down-regulated (P < .05) in CTBs treated with 135 mg/dL glucose or greater compared with basal (45 mg/dL). The sEng, sFlt-1, and interleukin-6 were up-regulated, whereas the VEGF and PlGF were down-regulated by 135 mg/dL glucose or greater. p38 phosphorylation and PPAR-γ were up-regulated (P < .05) in hyperglycemia-treated CTBs. The SB203580 or rosiglitazone pretreatment showed an attenuation of glucose-induced down-regulation of uPA and PAI-1. CONCLUSION: Hyperglycemia disrupts the invasive profile of CTB by decreasing uPA and PAI-1 expression; down-regulating VEGF and PlGF; and up-regulating sEng, sFlt-1, and interleukin-6. Attenuation of CTB dysfunction by SB203580 or rosiglitazone pretreatment suggests the involvement of stress signaling.