ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to describe the innervation of flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and obtain its surgical coordinates to facilitate selective neurotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen embalmed lower limbs of adults were studied. Anatomical dissections to isolate the innervating branches of FHL were performed. Distance between the supplying nerve of FHL, including both its origin and termination, and the medial malleolus were obtained, providing anatomical coordinates beneficial for surgery. RESULTS: In all cases, FHL was innervated by only one branch, which originated from the tibial nerve. Mean distance between the medial malleolus and the nervous branch origin was 21.39 ± 3.05 cm. Mean distance between the medial malleolus and the nervous branch termination was 12.7 ± 1.59 cm. Length of the nervous branch innervating FHL was proportional to the length of the leg, measuring 8.69 ± 2.45 cm. All nerves were located 15-17.4 cm above the medial malleolus. CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study traced valuable surgical coordinates useful for performing selective peripheral neurotomy on the nerve branch innervating the FHL.
Subject(s)
Denervation , Muscle, Skeletal/innervation , Muscle, Skeletal/surgery , Tendons/innervation , Tendons/surgery , Dissection , Humans , Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology , Tendons/anatomy & histologySubject(s)
Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology , Pregnancy, Twin , Uterus/abnormalities , Adult , Cesarean Section, Repeat , Female , Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture/physiopathology , Humans , Live Birth , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography, Prenatal , Uterus/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Yield and collection efficiency are two important and strictly related aspects of an apheresis system. We have examined the various formulas, dwelling upon a few particular aspects of the collection of platelets, granulocytes and stem cells.
Subject(s)
Blood Component Removal , Blood Cell Count , Blood Component Removal/methods , Granulocytes , Hematopoietic Stem Cells , Humans , Leukocyte Count , Platelet CountABSTRACT
Plasma exchange (PE) was performed in 8 of 14 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) PE was instituted as an additional therapy during active disease in patients who did not respond to conventional therapy. The best results were obtained in plasmapherized patients; in fact, immune complex serum levels disappeared rapidly, whereas anti-DNA antibodies decreased slowly. The changes observed indicate that PE may be beneficial, especially when it is associated with drugs that can block antibody rebound. A variety of "technical factors" may influence PE therapy which therefore must be monitored appropriately.
Subject(s)
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/therapy , Plasma Exchange , Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use , Adult , Antibodies/analysis , Antibodies/immunology , Antigen-Antibody Complex/analysis , Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology , Child , DNA/immunology , Glomerulonephritis/complications , Humans , Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Plasma-exchange was used in 10 patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. The procedure was used as a primary therapeutic tool to reduce cryoglobulin levels, and in combination with prednisone and cytotoxic drugs. The results show that PE alone is detrimental, although it may be an important adjunct to conventional therapy in MCG with progressive deterioration in the clinical condition, and in those patients who do not respond to drug therapy alone. The weak response to PE in MCG may be due to many technical variables, but mainly to the low percentage of circulating cryoglobulins removed.
