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1.
Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed) ; 95(2): 71-74, 2020 Feb.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31679764

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Emerging arbovirus infections have classic symptoms such as fever, arthralgia, or rash. As some of them have ophthalmic symptoms/signs, the main objective is to evaluate whether these findings could help to clarify the clinical diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive and retrospective study was conducted, in which cases of adults who attended an evaluation in 2016. The general and ophthalmic symptoms were analysed on those meeting the definition of dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. RESULTS: A total of 10,327 cases of arbovirosis were recorded, of which 5,388 (52.2%) were Dengue, 3,529 (34.1%) Zika, and 1,410 (13.6%) were Chikungunya. The main symptoms and signs of Dengue were: fever, headache/retro-orbital pain, arthralgia, rash, and nausea/vomiting. For Zika cases they were: exanthema, swollen glands, headache, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis, and for Chikungunya cases: rash, fever, arthritis, headache, and náusea/vomiting. The group with the most ophthalmic signs/symptoms was Zika, predominantly non-purulent conjunctivitis and retro-orbital pain, epiphora, episcleritis, anterior uveitis, as well as neurological syndromes such as isolated cranial nerve palsy (III and IV) or Miller Fisher syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmic signs/symptoms of Zika infection can help the clinical diagnosis of these arbovirosis.


Subject(s)
Chikungunya Fever/complications , Dengue/complications , Eye Infections, Viral/etiology , Zika Virus Infection/complications , Adult , Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology , Dengue/epidemiology , Eye Infections, Viral/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Sex Distribution , Symptom Assessment , Young Adult , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology
2.
Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander, Salud ; 50(2): 136-142, Mayo 10, 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-957503

ABSTRACT

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar la contribución del reporte de reacciones adversas a medicamentos por pacientes, así como las barreras y facilitadores asociados con esta estrategia. Metodología: Revisión estructurada en PubMed/MedLine de artículos en inglés y/o español, hasta el 30/05/2017, con los términos: Pharmacovigilance reporting AND patient report. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 16 artículos con información relacionada con el objeto de estudio y se incluyeron tres artículos más considerados como relevantes. Se identificaron las principales barreras y facilitadores del paciente para reportar la sospecha de reacciones adversas a medicamentos, los efectos del reporte y las características del mismo. De igual forma, se describieron las diferencias y similitudes entre el reporte por profesionales de la salud y pacientes. Conclusiones: La implementación del informe por pacientes disminuye el sub-reporte en farmacovigilancia. Además, permite la participación activa y la integración de las experiencias del paciente con las reacciones adversas a los medicamentos.


Abstract Objective: To identify the contribution of the report of suspected adverse drug reactions by patients, as well as the barriers and facilitators associated with this strategy. Methodology: Structured review based on PubMed / MedLine articles in English and Spanish, until 05/30/2017, using the keywords: Pharmacovigilance reporting AND patient report. Results: 16 articles were identified with information related to the object of study and three more were included taking into account their relevance. Main barriers and facilitators of patients for reporting suspected adverse drug reactions, the effects of the report and its characteristics, were identified. Besides, similarities and disparities between reports from health professionals and patients were described. Conclusions: The implementation of the report by patients decreases sub-reporting in pharmacovigilance. In addition, it allows the active participation and integration of patients' experiences about adverse drug reactions.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pharmacovigilance , Patient Participation , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Drug Utilization , Ambulatory Care
3.
Neotrop Entomol ; 47(5): 681-688, 2018 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29427132

ABSTRACT

Botanical insecticides (BIs) are considered a valuable alternative for plant protection in sustainable agriculture. The use of both BIs and parasitoids are presumed to be mutually compatible pest management practices. However, there is controversy on this subject, as various studies have reported lethal and sublethal effects of BIs on hymenopteran parasitoids. To shed new light on this controversy, a meta-analytic approach of the effects of BIs on adult mortality, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence under laboratory conditions was performed. We show that BIs increased mortality, decreased parasitism, and decreased parasitoid emergence. Botanical insecticides derived from Nicotiana tabacum and Caceolaria andina were particulary lethal. Most of the parasitoid groups showed susceptibility to BIs, but the families Scelionidae and Ichneumonidae were not significantly affected. The negative effects of BIs were seen regardless of the type of exposure (topical, ingestion, or residual). In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed that under laboratory conditions, exposure of hymenopteran parasitoids to BIs had significant negative effects on adult mortality, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence.


Subject(s)
Calceolariaceae/chemistry , Insecticides/toxicity , Nicotiana/chemistry , Phytochemicals/toxicity , Wasps/drug effects , Animals
4.
Theriogenology ; 108: 201-206, 2018 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29227912

ABSTRACT

Although the breeding seasonality in Macaca arctoides have been studied over a long period of time, it is still controversial whether reproduction in this primate tend to increase during certain months of the year as it happens in most of the macaque species. Many authors have classified Macaca arctoides as not being seasonal species. Nonetheless, there were no reports, about seasonal variations of female sexual hormones to demonstrate that asseveration. Therefore, in the present study we collect 1611 fecal samples from June 2009 to November 2010 from 10 female stump-tailed macaques to measure 17ß-estradiol and progesterone concentrations. Also, we included the birth frequency per year, in order to identify if sexual hormones peaked at a certain period of the year, thus, births would be occurring six months later according to the gestation length of stump-tailed macaques. Our results indicate two mating seasons per year in stump-tailed macaques: one in July-August and a second one in November. The distribution of the birth frequency, throughout the year support these results. We conclude that stump-tail macaques have a discrete seasonality no different than most of macaques' species.


Subject(s)
Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism , Macaca/physiology , Seasons , Sexual Behavior, Animal , Animals , Female , Macaca/metabolism , Regression Analysis
5.
Int J Obes (Lond) ; 41(4): 475-482, 2017 04.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28017965

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Adipokines are involved in the etiology of diabetes, insulin resistance, and the development of atherosclerosis and other latent-onset complications. The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions on adipokines in pediatric obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A computerized search was made using three databases. The analysis was restricted to studies that examined the effect of exercise interventions on adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin) in pediatric obesity (6-18 years old). Fourteen randomized controlled trials (347 youths) were included. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: Exercise was associated with a significant increase in adiponectin (WMD=0.882 µg ml-1, 95% CI, 0.271-1.493) but did not alter leptin and resistin level. Likewise, exercise intensity and change in body fat; as well as total exercise program duration, duration of the sessions, and change in body fat all significantly influenced the effect of exercise on adiponectin and leptin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise seems to increase adiponectin levels in childhood obesity. Our results also suggested that exercise on its own, without the concomitant presence of changes in body composition levels, does not affect leptin levels.


Subject(s)
Adipokines/metabolism , Exercise , Pediatric Obesity/metabolism , Adiponectin/metabolism , Blood Glucose/metabolism , Child , Humans , Insulin Resistance/physiology , Pediatric Obesity/physiopathology , Pediatric Obesity/prevention & control , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
6.
Zoo Biol ; 31(4): 490-7, 2012.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22610879

ABSTRACT

The black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi) is a seasonal reproducer that requires a seclusiveness to copulate and has a fusion-fission social system. These features impose important restrictions to achieve reproduction of captive animals. We investigated if group composition in captive spider monkeys has any endocrine effects. We compared testosterone and cortisol concentrations during the mating season in all-male and multifemale-multimale groups to study if the former condition impairs reproductive potential and increases stress. Concentrations of testosterone and cortisol of males living with females were higher than those of all-male groups. In the multifemale-multimale condition, dominant males had the highest levels of testosterone, while the youngest males showed the highest concentrations of cortisol. Results show that males adjust well to isosexual grouping, this being an appropriate condition to keep animals when controlled reproduction is sought.


Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological/physiology , Animals, Zoo , Atelinae/blood , Housing, Animal , Hydrocortisone/blood , Social Environment , Testosterone/blood , Animals , Female , Male , Models, Statistical , Reproduction/physiology , Seasons , Sex Factors , Social Dominance
7.
Theriogenology ; 73(4): 468-73, 2010 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19963259

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to investigate whether sex steroids decreased with age in female black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Fecal concentrations of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone (five samples/wk) and the number of ovulatory and anovulatory cycles were compared between adult (n=3) and aged females (n=2). All animals (regardless of age) had higher 17beta-estradiol concentrations during the fertile than the nonfertile phases. However, during the fertile phase, concentrations of this hormone were significantly higher in adult females. Conversely, progesterone concentrations varied normally throughout the menstrual cycle in both adult and aged animals, with no significant difference between age classes. Similarly, there was no significant effect of age on the number of ovulatory and anovulatory cycles. In conclusion, we inferred that the aged female spider monkeys did not reach menopause, instead they remained in a perimenopausal period characterized by changes in fecal concentrations of ovarian steroids and hypothalamus-hypophysis-ovary axis activity, as well as irregular menstrual flows, for prolonged intervals.


Subject(s)
Atelinae/metabolism , Estradiol/metabolism , Menopause/metabolism , Menstrual Cycle/metabolism , Progesterone/metabolism , Age Factors , Animals , Feces/chemistry , Female
8.
Theriogenology ; 69(4): 466-72, 2008 Mar 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18068757

ABSTRACT

The ejaculate of diverse primate species consists of two portions, liquid and solid; the latter, known as the seminal coagulum, is thought to sequester large numbers of sperm. In the black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi), ejaculates collected by electroejaculation did not always contain seminal coagulum. The objective of the present study was to determine seasonal emission of seminal coagulum and in vivo sperm dynamics in the black-handed spider monkey. Seminal coagulum emission was related to season; it was more frequent in the dry season, coincident with maximal female fertility. Sperm concentration was higher (P = 0.02) in the dry season (dry vs. rainy season: 137.9 +/- 15.7 sperm/mL vs. 82.56 +/- 14.7 x1 0(6) sperm/mL; mean +/- S.E.M.) but also in ejaculates (collected during the rainy season) that had seminal coagulum (coagulum vs. no coagulum: 140.0 +/- 29.3 sperm/mL vs. 31.2+/-0.1 x 10(6) sperm/mL, P<0.001). In semen samples collected from the uterus after AI, the percentage of linearly motile sperm was higher during the dry season (dry vs. rainy: 9.1+/-2.1% vs. 5.9+/-2.5%), as well as whenever coagulum was present (coagulum vs. no coagulum: 13.0+/-3.2% vs. 2.0+/-0.9%, P<0.001).


Subject(s)
Atelinae/physiology , Seasons , Semen/physiology , Spermatozoa/physiology , Animals , Ejaculation , Electric Stimulation , Female , Fertility , Insemination, Artificial/veterinary , Male , Sperm Count , Sperm Motility , Uterus/cytology
9.
Am J Primatol ; 70(1): 54-61, 2008 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17567825

ABSTRACT

We present evidence of agonistic buffering in captive chimpanzees, recorded from 1993 until 2005, mainly from ad libitum sampling in over 2000 hr of observation. A total of 33 agonistic buffering episodes were analyzed for context and effects of this complex social behavior. Agonistic buffering was directed at the whole chimpanzee colony as they supported an individual who initially received aggression from the alpha male, independently of the victim's age, sex or social rank. Chimpanzee agonistic buffering behavior is compared with that in other nonhuman primate species, and we describe some particularities of chimpanzee agonistic buffering: the status of the buffers used-socially important offspring such as those from the alpha female-and the social rank of the adult male responsible for the buffering episode-alpha male. Possible functions for this behavior in chimpanzees are suggested as appeasement of group members in a particularly crowded captive setting, and/or as a "forced reconciliation" mechanism. Chimpanzees exhibit behavioral flexibility by adapting themselves to new social and physical situations and use novel behavior to achieve social benefits.


Subject(s)
Behavior, Animal/physiology , Pan troglodytes/physiology , Social Behavior , Agonistic Behavior/physiology , Animals , Female , Male
10.
Theriogenology ; 67(2): 399-406, 2007 Jan 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17023040

ABSTRACT

Artificial insemination (AI) was performed in spider monkeys; these primates are vulnerable to extinction and usually do not reproduce spontaneously in captivity. Uterine cycles were followed by daily assessment of vaginal cytology, and corroborated a posteriori by concentrations of 17-beta estradiol and progesterone, measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA), in fecal samples collected once daily. Five females between 13 to 27 years old were inseminated intravaginally (with fresh semen) twice each during the periovulatory phase (Days 9-12 of the menstrual cycle; Day 0, first day of menstrual bleeding), from September to the first 3 weeks of November (most fertile months). Transcervical AI was not useful in this primate because the liquid portion of the semen completely solidified instead of liquefying as in other primates. Pregnancies were apparently achieved in 5 of 14 attempts. One female became pregnant after the first round of inseminations, delivered a healthy infant, was inseminated and got pregnant again (subsequently aborted). One female aborted, apparently due to an intramural uterine leiomyoma. Another two females stopped menstruating for a few months, then restarted menstruating (these females may have been pregnant and aborted). In conclusion, in spider monkeys: (1) captivity-induced stress did not inhibit reproduction; (2) fecal steroid hormones were useful to assess cyclicity; (3) the semen coagulum, which apparently is a tightly packed and large reservoir of spermatozoa, must not be discarded but used in AI; (4) old female spider monkeys did not have cessation of reproductive function.


Subject(s)
Abortion, Veterinary , Atelinae/physiology , Insemination, Artificial/veterinary , Reproduction/physiology , Semen/physiology , Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology , Abortion, Veterinary/etiology , Aging/physiology , Animals , Conservation of Natural Resources , Estrus/physiology , Feces/chemistry , Female , Insemination, Artificial/methods , Male , Periodicity , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Outcome/veterinary , Pregnancy Rate , Semen/cytology , Species Specificity , Vaginal Smears/veterinary
11.
Theriogenology ; 66(8): 1985-93, 2006 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16814854

ABSTRACT

A number of studies in free-ranging and captive spider monkeys (Ateles spp.) have shown that this genus is able to reproduce throughout the entire year. Nonetheless, it is still controversial whether births, and therefore conceptions, tend to be more frequent during certain seasons. In the present study, we monitored changes in fecal 17beta-estradiol and progesterone for approximately 1 years in five female black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) kept in captivity in Mexico City. The objective was to determine whether hormone concentrations and menstrual cycles of summer and autumn accounted for a greater chance of conception than those of winter and spring, consistent with birth patterns previously reported. We collected fecal samples from the five monkeys almost daily for 1 year (March 2004 to February 2005) and used radioimmunoassay of fecal extracts to determine concentrations of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone. Concurrently, menstrual cycle phases were determined by cytological evaluation of vaginal swabs. Periovulatory 17beta-estradiol concentrations were significantly higher in autumn than in winter, spring or summer. Moreover, as evidenced by progesterone peaks, most of the summer-autumn menstrual cycles were ovulatory; in contrast, most of the winter and spring cycles were anovulatory. In conclusion, our data supported the notion that, although not a strictly seasonal reproducer, the black-handed spider monkey is more likely to conceive at the end of the rainy season and throughout autumn.


Subject(s)
Atelinae/physiology , Estradiol/analysis , Feces/chemistry , Fertility/physiology , Progesterone/analysis , Animals , Female , Periodicity , Radioimmunoassay/methods , Radioimmunoassay/veterinary , Seasons
12.
J Med Primatol ; 34(2): 86-90, 2005 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15860114

ABSTRACT

Density gradient centrifugation is a widely used technique for the separation of motile from non-motile sperm, for the removal of contaminating agents such as bacteria and viruses, and for the removal of seminal plasma or cryoprotectant. In the choice of a density gradient medium for a new species, it is important to perform toxicity tests. The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential toxic effects of two silica-based density gradient products (Percoll and PureSperm), on the sperm of the common marmoset. We assessed two different batches of Percoll (polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated colloidal silica particles) and one of PureSperm (saline-coated colloidal silica suspension) by means of a computer-aided sperm analysis on semen collected by vibrostimulation. The results showed that although some of the sperm patterns of movement and viability changed significantly over time, and provide a first description of marmoset sperm motility changes under capacitating conditions, there was no significant difference in the sperm treated with Percoll or PureSperm in comparison with the control. We conclude that simple exposure to either of these products does not have a negative effect on viability or motility of marmoset sperm.


Subject(s)
Callithrix , Cell Separation/veterinary , Centrifugation, Density Gradient/veterinary , Indicators and Reagents/toxicity , Povidone/toxicity , Silicon Dioxide/toxicity , Spermatozoa/drug effects , Animals , Cell Separation/methods , Cell Survival/drug effects , Colloids , Male , Semen/cytology , Sperm Capacitation , Sperm Motility/drug effects
14.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 29(4): 263-269, dic. 2001. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-325824

ABSTRACT

La técnica de circuito cerrado con flujos metabólicos fue descrita hace de 40 años, a pesar de sus ventajas sobre las demás técnicas en cuanto a seguridad clínica, toxicidad ambiental y economía, su uso no se ha popularizado por ser un procedimiento complejo. El desflurano, recientemente introducido, posee características físico-quimicas que lo hacen ideal para el uso con flujos; en el presente estudio describimos los datos obtenidos de 43 pacientes llevados a cirugía electiva entre julio y septiembre de 1999, a quienes se administró anestesia inhalatoria con oxigeno al 100 por ciento en circuito cerrado. Utilizando un analizador de gases se analizó el tiempo requerido para alcanzar la CAM, el porcentaje en el dial del vaporizador para obtener y mantener la CAM; se halló el consumo de líquido anestésico para calcular su costo. Posteriormente, se estimó el costo del desflurano que sería gastado administrando una técnica de circuito semicerrado. Se encontró que un 86 por ciento de los pacientes obtuvieron la CAM en la fase espiratoria del circuito anestésico; el 62 por ciento lo logró en la primera hora con el dial del vaporizador al 12 por ciento sólo se presentaron 4 casos de complicaciones, 3 pacientes presentaron bradicardia que resolvió con atropina y un paciente presentó hipercapnia tratada mejorando el volumen minuto. Al comparar el consumo de desflurane con la técnica de circuito cerrado y flujo metábolico contra la tradicional de circuito semicerrado, el ahorro fue del 82 por ciento con un impacto en la reducción de los costos en varios millones de pesos


Subject(s)
Anesthesia, Closed-Circuit
15.
Neuropharmacology ; 38(6): 769-83, 1999 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10465681

ABSTRACT

Regional-specific differences in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) were examined using the whole-cell patch clamp technique in rat medial habenula (MHb) slices. The majority of cells in the ventral two thirds of the MHb responded robustly to local pressure application of nAChR agonists. Mean agonist potency profiles in the middle and ventral thirds of the MHb were similar: cytisine was the most potent agonist and DMPP the weakest, consistent with a significant contribution of the beta4 subunit to functional nAChRs in all areas of the MHb. In acutely isolated MHb neurons, the alpha3beta4-selective toxin alpha-CTx-AuIB (1 microM) reversibly blocked approximately 75% of the nicotine-induced currents, as expected for cells solely expressing alpha3beta4 nAChRs. However, the alpha3beta2-selective toxin, alpha-CTx-MII (100 nM), blocked a variable fraction (0-90%) of the MHb nicotinic response implying that beta2 subunits may contribute to some functional receptors. We suggest that the effects of alpha-CTx-MII may arise from interaction with alpha3beta2beta4 subunit-containing nAChRs. This idea is supported by the findings (1) that alpha-CTx-MII antagonizes receptors comprised of alpha3, beta2 and beta4 subunits in Xenopus oocytes, and (2) that a mutant alpha-CTx-MII toxin[H12A], which blocks alpha3beta2beta4 receptors but not alpha3beta2 or alpha3beta4 nAChRs, also reduces nicotinic currents in some MHb neurons. Overall these data imply that most functional nAChRs on MHb cells contain at least alpha3 and beta4 subunits, and that a variable subpopulation additionally contains the beta2 subunit.


Subject(s)
Habenula/physiology , Neurons/physiology , Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology , Animals , Habenula/cytology , Habenula/drug effects , In Vitro Techniques , Neurons/drug effects , Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology , Oocytes/physiology , Patch-Clamp Techniques , Rats , Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects , Xenopus
16.
Am J Primatol ; 44(3): 183-95, 1998.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9519238

ABSTRACT

The ovarian cycles of four adult female spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) were followed daily throughout 30 days by means of vaginal swabs and blood samplings. Cytological analyses of the vaginal swabs and radioimmunoassay determination of the daily levels of estradiol-17 beta (E2) and progesterone (P4) wer done in order to classify the kind of ovarian cycle of this species. Our results show that Ateles geoffroyi females display menstrual cycles of about 24 days on average. By comparison with the well-known menstrual cycles of women, apes, and Old World monkeys, the four distinctive cytological phases (bleeding, follicular, periovulatory, and luteal) could be recognized; mid-cycle E2 peaks followed by mid-luteal increases of the same hormone were present in all four females. P4 levels were higher after the E2 peak, although both hormones were present throughout the cycles. Also, age-dependent features, hormone profiles, and changes in menstrual phases lengths were detected.


Subject(s)
Cebidae/physiology , Menstrual Cycle/physiology , Analysis of Variance , Animals , Cercopithecidae/physiology , Estradiol/blood , Female , Hominidae/physiology , Humans , Periodicity , Probability , Progesterone/blood , Species Specificity , Statistics, Nonparametric , Time Factors , Vaginal Smears
17.
Rev. Fac. Odontol. Univ. Chile ; 15(1): 21-7, ene.-jun. 1997. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-216509

ABSTRACT

La porcelana fundida sobre metal es la técnica restauradora más comúnmente aplicada en odontología. Su portencial de fracaso se debe en parte a las variables en la fabricación y su función. La finalidad del presente artículo es describir una reparación predecible para éstas restauraciones a través del manejo adecuado de superficies, el uso de un sobrecolado telescópico, y la aplicación de los principios de la odontología estética adhesiva


Subject(s)
Humans , Metal Ceramic Alloys/therapeutic use , Dental Prosthesis Repair/methods , Acid Etching, Dental , Dental Casting Technique , Dental Cements/classification , Dental Cements/therapeutic use
18.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav ; 56(2): 211-20, 1997 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9050077

ABSTRACT

The effect of the intraperitoneal (i.p.) saline injection was assessed by using the defensive burying (DB) and the elevated plus-maze (EPM) anxiety paradigms in rats. Animals were handled gently by the body, injected i.p. with saline solution, 2 ml/kg, and tested independently in the defensive burying as well as in the elevated plus-maze test at different times after the i.p. injection: 1.5, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min. A transient effect of i.p. saline injection was observed (i.e., increased DB in animals tested 1.5 min after injection) and a decrease in this parameter when studied 3 min after the injection. No changes at 5, 10, 15, and 30 min after the injection were found. To discriminate the putative participation of the opiate peptide and benzodiazepine receptors in the actions of the i.p. injection, flumazenil (5 mg/kg) and nalozone (1 mg/kg) were administered. The increase in DB at 1.5 min was masked by double injection, an effect blocked by naloxone, but not by flumazenil, while both of them reverted the decrease in DB response in animals tested 3 min after injection. A partial action of the i.p. in the animals tested in the elevated plus-maze test was found. Present results are discussed on the basis of behavioral and pharmacological evidence.


Subject(s)
Fear/drug effects , Flumazenil/pharmacology , Motor Activity/drug effects , Naloxone/pharmacology , Sodium Chloride/administration & dosage , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Animals , GABA-A Receptor Antagonists , Injections, Intraperitoneal , Male , Narcotic Antagonists , Rats , Rats, Wistar
19.
Physiol Behav ; 60(3): 823-7, 1996 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8873257

ABSTRACT

The effect of water deprivation and water intake on experimental anxiety in rats was tested using burying behavior (BB) and social interaction (SI) anxiety paradigms. Two groups of animals were studied: a control group with free access to water, and a 72-h water-deprived experimental group. Anxiety was studied in a water-deprived group or following a 10-min period of ad lib water drinking. An increase in the mean time of defensive burying in animals deprived for 72 h was observed, whereas an important reduction occurred in the levels of burying behavior immediately after the animals were allowed to drink ad lib for 10 min. These results suggest that the observed increase in defensive burying in the water-deprived animals represents an anxiogenic effect, whereas the decrease in this behavior in water-satiated animals is considered an anxiolytic action. The temporal course of reduction in burying behavior, observed after water drinking, revealed that the anxiolytic action lasts 5 min, whereas 15-30 min after drinking, burying behavior levels were similar to those in the control group. In the social interaction experiment a partial anxiogenic/anxiolytic effect of water deprivation and water intake was observed. The adaptive meaning of anxiogenic and anxiolytic changes linked to consummatory behaviors in rats is discussed on the basis of behavioral and biochemical data.


Subject(s)
Behavior, Animal/physiology , Drinking/physiology , Interpersonal Relations , Water Deprivation/physiology , Animals , Male , Rats , Rats, Wistar
20.
Behav Processes ; 37(1): 75-84, 1996 Aug.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24897161

ABSTRACT

To detect changes in experimental anxiety, defensive burying (DB) was studied in several groups of rats after being exposed to social interaction (SI). Animals were studied in the DB paradigm after being submitted to the following SI treatments: control (without SI exposure), and SI for 1.5, 5, 10 and 15 min respectively. A bimodal effect was found: facilitated DB response values in the group tested after a 1.5 min exposure to SI and a strong reduction of DB in the 10 and 15 min groups. The inhibition in DB elicited by the 15 min exposure to SI revealed a slow recovery, returning to control levels after 30 min. The actions of novelty on defensive burying were assessed in a third experiment. Animals were tested for DB immediately after being placed for 1.5 or 15 min in the SI arena without a partner. DB levels increased in these animals. Another group was placed in the SI arena for 1.5 min and tested in the DB paradigm 13.5 min after being returned to the home cage. A return to the basal control DB levels was observed in this group. Data are discussed in terms of anxiety-like fluctuations and the adaptive functions underlying these.

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