ABSTRACT
Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum; LOLMU) is one of the most troublesome weeds in temperate regions in the world. This weed species interfere with wheat, corn, rye, and oat, causing significant crop yield losses. This species has evolved glyphosate resistance, making it difficult to control. The mechanisms of glyphosate resistance are still unknown, and an understanding thereof will favor the development of new strategies of management. The present study is the first transcriptome study in LOLMU using glyphosate-resistant and -sensitive biotypes, aiming to identify and to provide a list of the candidate target genes related to glyphosate resistance mechanism. The transcriptome was assembled de novo, producing 87,433 contigs with an N50 of 740 bp and an average length of 575 bp. There were 92 and 54 up- and down-regulated genes, respectively, in the resistant biotype, while a total of 1683 were differentially expressed in the sensitive biotype in response to glyphosate treatment. We selected 14 highly induced genes and seven with repressed expression in the resistant biotype in response to glyphosate. Of these genes, a significant proportion were related to the plasma membrane, indicating that there is a barrier making it difficult for glyphosate to enter the cell.
ABSTRACT
Conyza bonariensis (hairy fleabane) is one of the most problematic and widespread glyphosate-resistant weeds in the world. This highly competitive weed species significantly interferes with crop growth and substantially decreases crop yield. Despite its agricultural importance, the molecular mechanisms of glyphosate resistance are still unknown. The present RNA-Seq study was performed with the goal of identifying differentially expressed candidate transcripts (genes) related to metabolism-based non-target site glyphosate resistance in C. bonariensis. The whole-transcriptome was de novo assembled from glyphosate-resistant and -sensitive biotypes of C. bonariensis from Southern Brazil. The RNA was extracted from untreated and glyphosate-treated plants at several timepoints up to 288 h after treatment in both biotypes. The transcriptome assembly produced 90,124 contigs with an average length of 777 bp and N50 of 1118 bp. In response to glyphosate treatment, differential gene expression analysis was performed on glyphosate-resistant and -sensitive biotypes. A total of 9622 genes were differentially expressed as a response to glyphosate treatment in both biotypes, 4297 (44.6%) being up- and 5325 (55.4%) down-regulated. The resistant biotype presented 1770 up- and 2333 down-regulated genes while the sensitive biotype had 2335 and 2800 up- and down-regulated genes, respectively. Among them, 974 up- and 1290 down-regulated genes were co-expressed in both biotypes. In the present work, we identified 41 new candidate target genes from five families related to herbicide transport and metabolism: 19 ABC transporters, 10 CYP450s, one glutathione S-transferase (GST), five glycosyltransferases (GT), and six genes related to antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The candidate genes may participate in metabolic-based glyphosate resistance via oxidation, conjugation, transport, and degradation, plus antioxidation. One or more of these genes might 'rescue' resistant plants from irreversible damage after glyphosate treatment. The 41 target genes we report in the present study may inform further functional genomics studies, including gene editing approaches to elucidate glyphosate-resistance mechanisms in C. bonariensis.
ABSTRACT
The successive use of Roundup Ready crops may difficult the management of volunteer plants originated from seed losses during harvest. In soybean, volunteer corn plants can exhibit higher interference and cause reduce yield depending on their density. The aim of this study was to quantify the economic threshold level (ETL) in soybean as a function of the competition of volunteer corn and to evaluate the chemical control in different phenological stages of development. The ETL and chemical control experiments were conducted in the field, under completely randomized and randomized block designs with one and three replicates, respectively. The variables analyzed were yield and ETL as functions of the competition of different volunteer corn populations (control, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 32 plants m-2) and the chemical control with acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitor herbicides alone or mixed with glyphosate in different phenological stages of development (V2-V3, V4-V5 and V6-V8) that were evaluated at seven, 14 and 21 days after application (DAA). The results showed higher competitive potential of volunteer corn in which the presence of one plant m-2 reduces the soybean yield in 17%. The ETL ranged from 0.14 to 0.78 plants m-2 and the control of volunteer corn must be carried out in low populations. The use of ACCase inhibitors herbicides alone or mixed with glyphosate demonstrated greater than 85% control in the V2-V3 phenological stage independent of the period evaluated. The effectiveness of all herbicides decreased with application delay with a control level above 87%, in the V6- V8 phenological stage, obtained only for fluazifop and haloxyfop herbicides alone or in mixed with glyphosate at 14 and 21 days after application.
O uso sucessivo de culturas "Roundup Ready" pode dificultar o manejo de plantas voluntárias originadas de sementes perdidas durante a colheita. Na soja, plantas de milho voluntário podem apresentar elevada interferência e causar redução da produtividade dependendo da sua densidade. O objetivo do estudo foi quantificar o nível de dano econômico (NDE) na soja em função da competição de milho voluntário e avaliar o controle químico em diferentes estádios fenológicos de desenvolvimento. Os experimentos de NDE e controle químico foram conduzidos a campo, em delineamento inteiramente e blocos casualizados com uma e três repetições, respectivamente. As variáveis analisadas foram a produtividade e o NDE em função da competição das diferentes populações de milho voluntário (zero; um; dois; quatro; seis; oito; 10; 12; 16; 20; 24 e 32 plantas m-²) e o controle químico com herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetil CoA carboxilase (ACCase) isolados ou misturados com o glifosato em diferentes estádios fenológicos de desenvolvimento (V2-V3; V4-V5 e V6-V8) que foram avaliados aos sete, 14 e 21 dias após a aplicação (DAA). Os resultados demonstraram maior potencial competitivo do milho voluntário onde a presença de uma planta m-2 reduziu a produtividade da soja em 17%. O NDE variou de 0,14 a 0,78 plantas m-2 e o controle do milho voluntário deve ser realizado em populações baixas. O uso de herbicidas inibidores da ACCase isolados ou misturados com o glifosato proporcionaram controle superior 85% no estádio fenológico V2-V3 independente do período avaliado. A eficácia de todos os herbicidas decresceu com o atraso da aplicação com um nível de controle acima de 87%, no estádio fenológico V6-V8, obtido apenas para os herbicidas fluazifope e haloxifope isolado ou em mistura com o glifosato aos 14 e 21 dias após aplicação.
