ABSTRACT
Diurnal variation of cardiac function in vivo has been attributed primarily to changes in factors such as sympathetic activity. No study has investigated previously the intrinsic properties of the heart throughout the day. We therefore investigated diurnal variations in metabolic flux and contractile function of the isolated working rat heart and how this related to circadian expression of metabolic genes. Contractile performance, carbohydrate oxidation, and oxygen consumption were greatest in the middle of the night, with little variation in fatty acid oxidation. The expression of all metabolic genes investigated (including regulators of carbohydrate utilization, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial function) showed diurnal variation, with a general peak in the night. In contrast, pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy completely abolished this diurnal variation of metabolic gene expression. Thus, over the course of the day, the normal heart anticipates, responds, and adapts to physiological alterations within its environment, a trait that is lost by the hypertrophied heart. We speculate that loss of plasticity of the hypertrophied heart may play a role in the subsequent development of contractile dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Circadian Rhythm/physiology , Heart/physiology , Muscle Proteins , Myocardial Contraction/physiology , Myocardium/metabolism , Animals , Aorta/physiology , Body Weight/physiology , Carbohydrate Metabolism , Cardiomegaly/genetics , Cardiomegaly/metabolism , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Glucose Transporter Type 4 , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Mitochondria, Heart/genetics , Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism , Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/metabolism , Organ Size/physiology , Oxygen Consumption/physiology , Photoperiod , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis , Transcription Factors/biosynthesisABSTRACT
It has been observed that opposite changes in cardiac workload result in similar changes in cardiac gene expression. In the current study, the hypothesis that altered gene expression in vivo results in altered substrate fluxes in vitro was tested. Hearts were perfused for 60 minutes with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing glucose (5 mmol/L) and oleate (0.4 mmol/L). At 30 minutes, either insulin (1 mU/mL) or epinephrine (1 micromol/L) was added. Hearts weighed 35% less after unloading and 25% more after aortic banding. Contractile function in vitro was decreased in transplanted and unchanged in banded hearts. Epinephrine, but not insulin, increased cardiac power. Basal glucose oxidation was initially decreased and then increased by aortic banding. The stimulatory effects of insulin or epinephrine on glucose oxidation were reduced or abolished by unloading, and transiently reduced by banding. Oleate oxidation correlated with cardiac power both before and after stimulation with epinephrine, whereas glucose oxidation correlated only after stimulation. Malonyl-coenzyme A levels did not correlate with rates of fatty acid oxidation. Pyruvate dehydrogenase was not affected by banding or unloading. It was concluded that atrophy and hypertrophy both decrease insulin responsiveness and shift myocardial substrate preference to glucose, consistent with a shift to a fetal pattern of energy consumption; and that the isoform-specific changes that develop in vivo do not change the regulation of key metabolic enzymes when assayed in vitro.
Subject(s)
Atrophy/physiopathology , Cardiomegaly/physiopathology , Heart/drug effects , Insulin Resistance , Insulin/pharmacology , Animals , Body Weight/drug effects , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Epinephrine/pharmacology , Fatty Acids/metabolism , Glucose/metabolism , Glycogen/metabolism , Heart Transplantation , In Vitro Techniques , Male , Malonyl Coenzyme A/metabolism , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , Myocardium/metabolism , Oleic Acid/metabolism , Organ Size/drug effects , Oxidation-Reduction , Perfusion , Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Inbred WFABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Insulin and epinephrine stimulate glucose uptake through distinct mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that the golgi apparatus is involved in insulin-stimulated but not epinephrine-stimulated glucose transport and phosphorylation. METHODS: We perfused isolated working rat hearts with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing [2-(3)H]glucose (5 mmol/l, 0.05 microCi/ml) and Na-oleate (0.4 mmol/l). In the absence or presence of the inhibitor of golgi function, brefeldin A (30 micromol/l), either insulin (1 mU/ml), epinephrine (1 micromol/l), or phenylephrine (100 micromol/l) plus propranolol (10 micromol/l, selective alpha -adrenergic stimulation) were added to the perfusate. RESULTS: Cardiac power was stable in all groups (between 8.56+/-0.61 and 10.4+/-1.11 mW) and increased (34%) with addition of epinephrine, but not with selective alpha -adrenergic stimulation. Insulin, epinephrine, and selective alpha -receptor stimulation increased glucose transport and phosphorylation (micromol/min/g dry wt, basal: 1.19+/-0.13, insulin: 3.89+/-0.36, epinephrine: 3.46+/-0.27, alpha -stimulation: 4.08+/-0.40). Brefeldin A increased basal glucose transport and phosphorylation and blunted insulin-stimulated but not epinephrine-stimulated glucose transport and phosphorylation. Selective alpha -stimulated glucose transport and phosphorylation was also blunted by brefeldin A. CONCLUSIONS: Both insulin and alpha -adrenergic stimulation result in glucose transporter translocation from a pool that requires golgi function. Stimulation with epinephrine results in glucose transporter translocation from a pool that does not require golgi function. The stimulating effects of the alpha -adrenergic pathway on glucose transport and phosphorylation are independent of changes in cardiac performance.