El impacto del nivel educativo en las valoraciones cognitivas de los pacientes jóvenes ingresados en rehabilitación tras un ictus isquémico / The impact of educational level on cognitive assessments in young patients admitted to rehabilitation after ischaemic stroke

Introducción y objetivo: Proponemos valorar el impacto del nivel educativo en las pruebas cognitivas al ingreso y al alta tras un periodo de rehabilitación cognitiva en los pacientes jóvenes tras un ictus isquémico. Materiales y métodos: Consideramos educación secundaria y superior (grupo A) y menos de 6 años de educación reglada (grupo B). Comparamos A y B mediante χ2 y Kruskal-Wallis. Estudiamos A y B como predictores de memoria verbal y de trabajo al alta. La memoria verbal y la memoria de trabajo las valoramos al ingreso y al alta mediante Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) y DIGITS del test Barcelona, espectivamente. Resultados: Analizamos n=277 pacientes (55% pertenecientes al grupo A, 51 años de edad media) ingresados a un centro especializado en España entre 2009 y 2019.Encontramos diferencias significativas (p<0,05) al ingreso, todas en favor del grupo A en las valoraciones de la atención, la inhibición, la visuopercepción, la visuoconstruccion, la fluencia verbal y la comprensión.En DIGITS y RAVLT-aprendizaje encontramos diferencias al ingreso. En DIGITS y RAVLT-reconocimiento encontramos diferencias al alta, todas en favor del grupo A. No encontramos diferencias en la edad, en la severidad, en el tiempo hasta el ingreso, ni en el tiempo de estadía ingresados.Tampoco encontramos diferencias en las ganancias cognitivas ni en la eficiencia del tratamiento en las pruebas de memoria.Los grupos A y B no predicen RAVLT (R2=0,53) ni DIGITS (R2=0,48). Conclusiones: El grupo A puntúa mejor en el 63% de las pruebas al ingreso y en el 75% de las pruebas al alta, los grupos A y B son similares en ganancias y eficiencia en las pruebas de memoria.(AU)

Introduction and objective: We propose to assess the impact of educational level on cognitive tests at admission and discharge after a period of cognitive rehabilitation in young patients after ischaemic stroke. Materials and methods: We considered secondary and higher education (group A) and less than 6 years of formal education (group B). We compared A and B using χ2 and Kruskal–Wallis. We studied A and B as predictors of verbal and working memory at discharge. Verbal and working memories were assessed at admission and discharge using Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and DIGITS of the Barcelona Test respectively. Results: We analysed n=277 patients (55% belonging to A, mean age of 51 years) admitted to a specialised centre in Spain between 2009 and 2019.We found significant differences (P<.05) at admission, all in favour of A in the assessments of attention, inhibition, visuoperception, visuoconstruction, verbal fluency and comprehension.In DIGITS and RAVLT-learning we found differences at admission. In Digits and RAVLT-recognition we found differences at discharge, all in favour of A. We found no differences in age, severity, time at admission, or length of stay in hospital.Nor did we find differences in cognitive gains or treatment efficiency in memory tests.The groups A and B did not predict RAVLT (R2=.53) or DIGITS (R2=.48). Conclusions: A scores better in 63% of tests at admission and in 75% of tests at discharge, A and B are similar in gains and efficiency on memory tests.(AU)

Rehabilitación en régimen de ingreso en adultos en edad laboral tras un ictus isquémico: análisis clinicofuncional desde una perspectiva de género / Inpatient rehabilitation of working-age adults with ischemic stroke: comparing men and women clinical and functional characteristics at admission and predicting functionality

Introducción: El papel del género en la independencia funcional en las actividades de la vida diaria tras un ictus isquémico es aún controvertido. Proponemos: a) comparar características clínicas de hombres y mujeres en el momento del ingreso a rehabilitación hospitalaria; b) comparar su independencia funcional en el ingreso y en el alta, y c) identificar predictores de independencia funcional. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo observacional. Se incluyeron variables descritas en estudios previos en comparaciones ingreso-alta y en regresión lineal multivariante de la Functional Independence Measure (FIM) en el momento del alta, la ganancia, la eficiencia y la efectividad. Resultados: Se estudió a 144 pacientes (33%, mujeres) admitidos a rehabilitación en un centro español (= 3 semanas tras un ictus isquémico). Los hombres eran mayores (p = 0,003), un 19,6% diabéticos (un 6,4% de las mujeres; p = 0,03) y un 52,6% fumadores (un 72,3% de las mujeres; p = 0,02). No observamos diferencias significativas en la FIM en el momento del ingreso, del alta, la ganancia, la eficiencia ni la efectividad (FIM total, motora ni cognitiva). El análisis de regresión identificó el sexo (beta = –0,13), la gravedad (beta = –0,25) y la FIM total en el momento el ingreso (beta = –0,69) como predictores de la ganancia de la FIM total (R2 = 0,42). Las mismas variables predicen la FIM total en el alta: género (beta = –0,12), gravedad (beta = –0,23) y FIM total en el ingreso (beta = 0,59) (R2 = 0,51). La FIM en el ingreso (beta = –0,64), la gravedad (beta = –0,24), la edad (beta = –0,17) y el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria (beta = –0,45) predicen la eficiencia de la FIM total (R2 = 39,9). El modelo de efectividad de la FIM explica únicamente el 13,5% de la varianza. Conclusiones: No encontramos diferencias funcionales entre hombres y mujeres. El sexo es un predictor significativo, pero no explica la mitad de la varianza.(AU)

Introduction: The role of gender in functional independence for activities of daily living after ischemic stroke is still controversial. We aim to a) compare clinical characteristics of men and women at inpatient rehabilitation admission b) compare their functional independence at admission and discharge c) identify predictors of functional independence. Materials and methods: Retrospective observational cohort study. State-of-the-art variables were used for admission and discharge comparisons and to predict total FIM (Functional Independence Measure) at discharge, FIM gain, FIM efficiency and FIM effectiveness using multivariate linear regressions. Results: 144 patients (33% women) admitted to inpatient rehabilitation in a Spanish specialized center, with less than 3 weeks since ischemic stroke onset were included. Men were older (p = 0.039), 19.6% of men had diabetes mellitus (6.4% of women) (p = 0.038), with 52.6% of men being non-smokers (72.3% of women) (p = 0.022). No significant differences were observed in FIM at admission, discharge, FIM gain, efficiency or effectiveness (total, motor either cognitive FIM). Regression analysis identified sex (b = –0.13), stroke severity (b = –0.25) and admission total FIM (b = –0.69) as significant predictors of total FIM gain (R2 = 0.42). The same variables predicted discharge total FIM: sex (b = –0.12), severity (b = –0.23) and admission total FIM (b = 0.59) (R2 = 0.51). FIM efficiency was predicted by admission total FIM (b = –0.64), severity (b = –0.24), age (b = –0.17) and length of stay (b = –0.45) (R2 = 39.9%). FIM effectiveness model explained only 13.5% of the variance. Conclusions: No functional differences between men and women in any independence measure were found. Sex was a significant predictor but leaving half of the variance unexplained.(AU)

Inpatient rehabilitation of working-age adults with ischemic stroke: comparing men and women clinical and functional characteristics at admission and predicting functionality. / Rehabilitación en régimen de ingreso en adultos en edad laboral tras un ictus isquémico: análisis clinicofuncional desde una perspectiva de género.

INTRODUCTION: The role of gender in functional independence for activities of daily living after ischemic stroke is still controversial. We aim to a) compare clinical characteristics of men and women at inpatient rehabilitation admission b) compare their functional independence at admission and discharge c) identify predictors of functional independence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective observational cohort study. State-of-the-art variables were used for admission and discharge comparisons and to predict total FIM (Functional Independence Measure) at discharge, FIM gain, FIM efficiency and FIM effectiveness using multivariate linear regressions. RESULTS: 144 patients (33% women) admitted to inpatient rehabilitation in a Spanish specialized center, with less than 3 weeks since ischemic stroke onset were included. Men were older (p = 0.039), 19.6% of men had diabetes mellitus (6.4% of women) (p = 0.038), with 52.6% of men being non-smokers (72.3% of women) (p = 0.022). No significant differences were observed in FIM at admission, discharge, FIM gain, efficiency or effectiveness (total, motor either cognitive FIM). Regression analysis identified sex (ß = -0.13), stroke severity (ß = -0.25) and admission total FIM (ß = -0.69) as significant predictors of total FIM gain (R2 = 0.42). The same variables predicted discharge total FIM: sex (ß = -0.12), severity (ß = -0.23) and admission total FIM (ß = 0.59) (R2 = 0.51). FIM efficiency was predicted by admission total FIM (ß = -0.64), severity (ß = -0.24), age (ß = -0.17) and length of stay (ß = -0.45) (R2 = 39.9%). FIM effectiveness model explained only 13.5% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS: No functional differences between men and women in any independence measure were found. Sex was a significant predictor but leaving half of the variance unexplained.

TITLE: Rehabilitación en régimen de ingreso en adultos en edad laboral tras un ictus isquémico: análisis clinicofuncional desde una perspectiva de género.Introducción. El papel del género en la independencia funcional en las actividades de la vida diaria tras un ictus isquémico es aún controvertido. Proponemos: a) comparar características clínicas de hombres y mujeres en el momento del ingreso a rehabilitación hospitalaria; b) comparar su independencia funcional en el ingreso y en el alta, y c) identificar predictores de independencia funcional. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo observacional. Se incluyeron variables descritas en estudios previos en comparaciones ingreso-alta y en regresión lineal multivariante de la Functional Independence Measure (FIM) en el momento del alta, la ganancia, la eficiencia y la efectividad. Resultados. Se estudió a 144 pacientes (33%, mujeres) admitidos a rehabilitación en un centro español (= 3 semanas tras un ictus isquémico). Los hombres eran mayores (p = 0,003), un 19,6% diabéticos (un 6,4% de las mujeres; p = 0,03) y un 52,6% fumadores (un 72,3% de las mujeres; p = 0,02). No observamos diferencias significativas en la FIM en el momento del ingreso, del alta, la ganancia, la eficiencia ni la efectividad (FIM total, motora ni cognitiva). El análisis de regresión identificó el sexo (beta = ­0,13), la gravedad (beta = ­0,25) y la FIM total en el momento el ingreso (beta = ­0,69) como predictores de la ganancia de la FIM total (R2 = 0,42). Las mismas variables predicen la FIM total en el alta: género (beta = ­0,12), gravedad (beta = ­0,23) y FIM total en el ingreso (beta = 0,59) (R2 = 0,51). La FIM en el ingreso (beta = ­0,64), la gravedad (beta = ­0,24), la edad (beta = ­0,17) y el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria (beta = ­0,45) predicen la eficiencia de la FIM total (R2 = 39,9). El modelo de efectividad de la FIM explica únicamente el 13,5% de la varianza. Conclusiones. No encontramos diferencias funcionales entre hombres y mujeres. El sexo es un predictor significativo, pero no explica la mitad de la varianza.

[The impact of educational level on cognitive assessments in young patients admitted to rehabilitation after ischaemic stroke]. / El impacto del nivel educativo en las valoraciones cognitivas de los pacientes jóvenes ingresados en rehabilitación tras un ictus isquémico.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: We propose to assess the impact of educational level on cognitive tests at admission and discharge after a period of cognitive rehabilitation in young patients after ischaemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We considered secondary and higher education (group A) and less than 6 years of formal education (group B). We compared A and B using χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis. We studied A and B as predictors of verbal and working memory at discharge. Verbal and working memories were assessed at admission and discharge using Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and DIGITS of the Barcelona Test respectively. RESULTS: We analysed n=277 patients (55% belonging to A, mean age of 51 years) admitted to a specialised centre in Spain between 2009 and 2019. We found significant differences (P<.05) at admission, all in favour of A in the assessments of attention, inhibition, visuoperception, visuoconstruction, verbal fluency and comprehension. In DIGITS and RAVLT-learning we found differences at admission. In Digits and RAVLT-recognition we found differences at discharge, all in favour of A. We found no differences in age, severity, time at admission, or length of stay in hospital. Nor did we find differences in cognitive gains or treatment efficiency in memory tests. The groups A and B did not predict RAVLT (R2=.53) or DIGITS (R2=.48). CONCLUSIONS: A scores better in 63% of tests at admission and in 75% of tests at discharge, A and B are similar in gains and efficiency on memory tests.