Appropriate use of tocilizumab in COVID-19 infection.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the effectiveness and optimum use of tocilizumab (TCZ) treatment by the support of clinical, laboratory and radiologic observations. METHODS: All patients were followed up in the hospital with daily interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, d-dimer, full blood count, and procalcitonin. Thoracic computed tomography (CT) was performed on admission, when oxygen support was necessary, and seven days after TCZ started. Disease course of the patients was grouped as severe or critical, according to their clinical, laboratory and radiologic evaluations. RESULTS: Forty-three patients were included: 70% were male; the median age was 64 years (minimum-maximum: 27-94); and six (14%) patients died. The median duration of oxygen support before the onset of TCZ was shorter among the severe patient group than the critical patient group (1 vs. 4 days, p < 0.001). Three cases of 21 (14%) who received TCZ in the ward were transferred to ICU, and none of them died. The levels of IL-6, CRP, ferritin, d-dimer, and procalcitonin were significantly lower in the severe cases group than the critical cases group (p = 0.025, p = 0.002, p = 0.008, p = 0.002, and p = 0.001, respectively). Radiological improvement was observed in severe cases on the seventh day of TCZ. Secondary bacterial infection was detected in 41% of critical cases, but none of the severe ones. CONCLUSION: Earlier use of TCZ in COVID-19 infection was beneficial for survival, length of hospitalization and duration of oxygen support. The recommendation for administration of TCZ was based on an increase in requirement of oxygen support, progression in thoracic CT, and elevation of inflammation markers, including IL-6, CRP, ferritin, and d-dimer, and decrease in % lymphocytes.

Comparison of the Oral Steroids, Macrolides and Combination Therapy in Nasal Polyposis Patients.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, our aim was to compare oral steroid therapy with macrolide therapy and with oral steroid + macrolide (combine) therapy in patients with nasal polyposis (NP). METHODS: All patients were treated with nasal steroid therapy for eight weeks and divided randomly into three groups as follows: Oral steroid group, oral macrolide group and combine group. All patients underwent endoscopic staging, radiological grading, odour testing and completed the sino-nasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22) questionnaire before and after treatment. RESULTS: Significant improvement was observed in all parameters after treatment in all three groups. All parameters were significantly better in the combined group than in the macrolide group. Comparison of the oral steroid group and macrolide group revealed significantly better radiological grading and odour test changes for the oral steroid group, but no statistically significant differences existed according to endoscopic staging and SNOT-22. The post-treatment SNOT-22 score was significantly better in the combined group than in the steroid group. A comparison of the combined and steroid groups showed better results for the combined group for all parameters, but the differences were not significant. CONCLUSION: All treatment protocols were effective and the successful use of macrolide indicates its potential as an alternative in patients with contraindications to oral steroid treatment. The combined treatment may demonstrate significantly better results than steroid treatment alone if larger studies with more patients are performed.

Multidetector Computed Tomography Findings of Auto-Evacuated Secondary Acquired Cholesteatoma: A Morphologic and Quantitative Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To describe and quantify computed tomography (CT) findings of auto-evacuated (spontaneously drained) secondary acquired cholesteatoma (SAC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study included 69 patients with intermittent ear discharge diagnosed with SAC by autoscopy or automicroscopy who were surgically treated. Three independent radiologists measured the medial and lateral attic distance on coronal and axial planes using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) in 75 ear CTs from 69 patients with intraoperatively verified diagnoses of pars flaccida cholesteatoma (n=36), pars tensa cholesteatoma (n=24), and auto-atticotomy or automastoidectomy (n=15) and compared them with contralateral healthy ears. RESULTS: A circular or elliptical air-filled cavity surrounded by granulation tissue was morphologically detected on MDCT in these patients. The lateral attic distance was significantly higher in pars flaccida cholesteatoma cases than in contralateral healthy ears on both coronal and axial planes (p<0.05). The medial attic distance was significantly higher in pars tensa cholesteatoma cases than in contralateral healthy ears in the axial pane, but with no difference in the coronal plane. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic intermittent aural discharge, nonopacified areas surrounded by granulation tissue, which expands the medial or lateral attic in a CT scan, suggest an auto-evacuated cholesteatoma.

Neck Muscle Mass Index as a Predictor of Post-Laryngectomy Wound Complications.

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between paravertebral muscle cross-sectional area (PVM CSA) at the third vertebra (C3) level using computerized tomography (CT) neck images and its relationship with complications after total laryngectomy. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 60 advanced laryngeal cancer patients who underwent total laryngectomy was performed. The cross-sectional areas of paravertebral neck muscles using neck CT at C3 level images obtained preoperatively were analyzed. RESULTS: A significant difference in PVM CSA between complication and no complication groups, F(1, 53 = 4.319, P = .043), was identified by ANCOVA. There were no significant differences in between-subject effects: T-stage ( F = 1.652, P = .204), body mass index ( F = 0.889, P = .35), albumin ( F = .359, P = .552), age ( F = 1.623 P = .208), and smoking ( F = 4.319, P = .41). CONCLUSION: The PVM CSA measured at C3 level on pretreatment CT may help identify patients at higher risk of postoperative wound complications after total laryngectomy and who may particularly benefit from preoperative optimization of nutritional status.

Paraganglioma of the larynx diagnosed with maneuvered three-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography.

The standard diagnostic tool for laryngeal paraganglioma is generally accepted to be magnetic resonance imaging. However, the role of other imaging modalities has not been evaluated extensively. We describe the case of a 38-year-old man who had a history of voice distortion for several years. A hypervascular submucosal lesion was detected on maneuvered three-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). The CT showed intense contrast enhancement in the first arterial phase (inspiration), a peak level in the second phase (Valsalva), and washing out in the final phase (phonation). This pattern of contrast enhancement suggested the presence of a hypervascular lesion, such as a hemangioma, paraganglioma, or vascular malformation of the larynx. We conclude that maneuvered three-phase contrast-enhanced CT may be useful for the diagnosis of paraganglioma of the larynx.

Tonsillar Plasmacytoma: clues on magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND: Malignant plasma cell proliferation may present as a disseminated disease (multiple myeloma), a solitary plasmacytoma of bone, or an extramedullary plasmacytoma of soft tissue. The latter plasmacytomas represent approximately 3% of all plasma cell proliferations, and 80% develop in the head-and-neck region. The unexpected clinical presentation of such masses may be present. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we report a rare case of primary tonsillar plasmacytoma in a 42-year-old female. The patient presented with asymmetric tonsillar hypertrophy that was resistant to antibiotherapy. Upon further workup, we found no evidence of multiple myeloma or light-chain disease. The patient underwent surgery and, at the last follow-up, exhibited no evidence of such disease. CONCLUSIONS: In adults presenting with asymptomatic tonsillar enlargement, the possibility of submucosal masses should be considered, thus encouraging the radiologist to evaluate crypts within the palatine tonsil on a postcontrast MRI, besides enlargement and signal change.

Does CT help in predicting preepiglottic space invasion in laryngeal carcinoma?

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating preepiglottic space involvement in laryngeal cancer by CT may lead misinterpretation. We sought to understand the causes of misinterpretation in evaluating the preepiglottic space by CT and assessed the effects of misinterpretation in treatment plans of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. METHODS: Specimen histopathology reports of 102 (99 male, 3 female) patients who underwent total or partial laryngectomy due to supraglottic and/or transglottic laryngeal carcinoma were reviewed. Neck CTs were also re-assessed for preepiglottic space involvement by three radiologists. The initial surgical treatment choices were re-examined according to the current radiological evaluation in combination with pathological results of the specimens and physical examination findings in the patients. Interobserver agreement regarding image interpretation was based on a kappa analysis. RESULTS: The interclass correlation coefficient in predicting preepiglottic space invasion was 0.74; this was considered 'good.' Among the three radiologists, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy of CT in detecting preepiglottic space involvement were 86-93%, 75-93%, and 77-93%, respectively, while the negative and positive predictive values were 97-98% and 38-50%, respectively. Given the previous treatments applied, false-positive diagnoses for PES involvement resulted in overtreatment in 2.9% of cases. False-negative diagnoses of PES involvement (1.9% of cases) did not result in any undertreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Although CT is a practical and inexpensive imaging tool for evaluating laryngeal carcinomas, the PPV of CT in assessing preepiglottic space invasion, especially in advanced tumors, is low and may lead to overtreatment.

Can ultrasonography-guided aspiration and steroid injection treat reflux venous blood flow around symptomatic Baker's cysts? Our short-term experience.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the current study was to investigate the efficacy of ultrasonography-guided aspiration treatment with concomitant steroid injection on relieving reflux blood flow in veins located next to symptomatic Baker's cyst. METHODS: All patients were examined by ultrasonography at administration and 1 month follow-up after intervention. Puncture and aspiration of the cyst, as well as injection of 1 ml dexamethasone were performed by the same radiologist. Compression on popliteal vein and vena saphena parva and the degrees of reflux before and after treatment were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were included in the study. An overall reduction of the cyst's size was observed in all patients of the study group. Reduction of the cyst size is more evident during the 1st week, which was observed by a slight enlargement during the 1st and the 3rd months controls. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography-guided puncture, aspiration and steroid injection seems to yield promising outcomes in terms of relieving venous reflux flow around simple Baker's cysts.

The radiologic evaluation of osteitis type and formation in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyposis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the amount and type of osteitis observed in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and compare it with that of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis (CRSnNP). SETTING: Sisli Etfal Research and Education Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, single-blind, cohort study. METHODS: Three different patient groups, designated as the CRSwNP, CRSnNP, and control groups, were included in the study. Forty patients who had CRSnNP and/or CRSwNP confirmed with a paranasal sinus computerized tomography (CT) study were included for the study group, and 20 individuals were included in the control group. Paranasal sinus CTs were evaluated and compared for osteitis. RESULTS: Hounsfield units obtained from the right and left agger nasi walls and the medial maxillary sinus wall in the control group were significantly different from the entire group. Similarly, values for the anterior ethmoid wall were statistically significant for the CRSwNP group compared with all the subjects. When the groups were compared to one another, there were significant differences in both the right and left agger nasi walls and the frontal sinus wall. CONCLUSION: Differentiating and acknowledging osteitis induced by CRSwNP rather than CRSnNP may aid in preoperative planning and indicate where to be more aggressive when excising bony structures. This may help in reducing recurrence and in increasing quality of life.

Ectopic cervical thymus as a rare cause of pediatric neck mass: the role of ultrasound and MRI in the diagnosis. Case report.

Ectopic cervical thymus (ECT) is an uncommon cause for cervical mass in the pediatric age group. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings of the mass (located along the thymic descent pathway along the thymopharyngeal tract and has identical echostructure and signal intensities to the native thymus in the superior mediastinum) would lead to the diagnosis. The diagnosis is confirmed by fine needle aspiration biopsy or histopathology after resection. The management of ECT is a conservative follow up, except in symptomatic cases with tracheal compression and histologically confirmed neoplasia where surgery is indicated. We present the case of ECT presenting as a left upper neck mass in a 12 year old girl.

Computed tomographic analysis of frontal sinus drainage pathway variations and frontal rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to radiologically determine frontal sinus drainage pathway variations with respect to superior attachment of uncinate process (SAUP) and their effect on prevalence of frontal rhinosinusitis. DESIGN: This was a retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Computed tomography scans of the 919 frontal sinus sides of 460 patients (252 female, 208 male; mean age, 35.1 ± 10.5 years) who were candidates for endoscopic sinus surgery were evaluated retrospectively between August 2012 and January 2013 by 3 radiologists to determine the SAUP types and the presence of frontal rhinosinusitis. RESULTS: The frontal sinus outflow tract was localized medial to the SAUP in 651 frontal sinus sides and lateral to the SAUP in 268 sides. We determined 3 types (types 7, 8, and 9) of SAUP in addition to 6 types defined in literature. The most common type of SAUP was type 3 (n = 332, 36.1%) followed by type 2 (n = 256, 27.8%) and type 7 (n = 160, 17.4%). Of the evaluated sides, 316 (34.3%) had frontal rhinosinusitis. Frontal rhinosinusitis was more common in the sides where the frontal sinus outflow tract was localized medial to the SAUP than those localized lateral (37.2% vs 27.6%, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic approach to frontal recess usually requires uncinectomy, and it is necessary to know SAUP to prevent postoperative retained superior portion of the uncinate process. The location of frontal sinus outflow tract on the SAUP affects the prevalence of frontal rhinosinusitis as well. Frontal rhinosinusitis is significantly more common when the frontal sinus outflow tract was localized medial rather than lateral to the SAUP. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2b.

Correlation between computerized tomography density measurements of urinary bladder and urinalysis results.

Our aim was to investigate whether there is a correlation between computerized tomography (CT) density measurements of the urinary bladder and urinalysis results. Patients were subdivided into three groups with respect to urinalysis results: Group 1, no leukocytes or erythrocytes detected in urine (n=25); Group 2, erythrocytes detected in urine (n=50); and Group 3, leukocytes and erythrocytes detected in urine (n=98). In CT sections, densitometric measurements had been performed from three zones on each section and groups were compared in terms of densitometry results. Our results indicate that density measurements of CT views form the urinary bladder may provide valuable data on hematuria and leukocyturia.

Diagnostic significance of periesophageal fat pad in ultrasonography for sliding hiatal hernias: sonographic fat pad sign.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic significance of visualization of periesophageal fat pad in ultrasonography or computed tomography for sliding hiatal hernias. Forty-six controls and 21 esophageal hiatal hernia patients were compared in terms of sonographic and tomographic esophageal diameters. We suggest that absence of periesophageal fat pad sign in ultrasonography or computerized tomography is a noteworthy finding that calls for further investigation for the diagnosis of sliding hiatal hernias.

Reliability of preoperative multidetector computed tomography scan in patients with chronic otitis media.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to specify the objective criteria of existence of cholesteatoma in chronic otitis media on the preoperative multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and to evaluate the complications of disease. METHODS: We compared the results of preoperative MDCT scan with intraoperative findings in 71 patients (22 women, 49 men; mean age, 16-73 years) who had mastoidectomy operation between January 2008 and May 2012. Multidetector computed tomography evaluations of temporal bone were performed on a workstation using high-spatial-resolution magnified images with intended angle and plane. RESULTS: We observed cholesteatoma formation in all patients with scutum erosion (n = 11), dural exposure (n = 6), and lateral semicircular canal fistula (n = 5). Computed tomography revealed these findings with 100% sensitivity. Distortion of ossicular integrity (n = 11) and facial canal dehiscence (n = 5) was significantly higher in cholesteatoma patients. Using the criteria of osteolysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and the accuracy rates of MDCT in detecting cholesteatoma were 71%, 93%, and 88%, respectively. The best diagnostic clue of a cholesteatoma was a mass-like soft tissue located in a retraction pocket in the posterosuperior quadrant of the Shrapnell membrane, causing widening of Prussak space and scutum erosion. Evaluation of computed tomography scan showed nearly 100% sensitivity in detecting tympanic opacification, dural height, dehiscence of lateral semicircular canal, tegmen tympani erosion, and deformation of malleoincudal articulation. However, its contribution to detecting minor ossicular erosion, facial canal dehiscence, and incudostapedial joint evaluation was limited. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative assessment of chronic otitis media via MDCT with intended angle and plane produces important guidance to understand the extent of disease and to prevent possible intraoperative complications.

Quantitative diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of parotid gland masses: a study with histopathological correlation.

We evaluated the quantitative diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) for parotid masses. Seventy-five patients with 81 focal parotid masses were included. Following DW-MRI, 73 masses underwent surgical biopsy/resection, 6 underwent ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration, and 2 underwent both procedures. The mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of benign tumors (n=49, 1.72×10(-3) mm(2)/s) was higher than that of malignant tumors (n=32, 1.05×10(-3) mm(2)/s) (P<.001). ADC was 2.15×10(-3) mm(2)/s for pleomorphic adenomas, which was higher than that for other tumors (P<.001 for all). ADC cutoff was 1.315 for distinguishing between pleomorphic adenomas and others including malignant tumors. Therefore, DW-MRI may be useful for distinguishing between pleomorphic adenomas and other parotid masses.

Is there a relationship between subjective pulsatile tinnitus and petrous bone pneumatization?

Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between subjective pulsatile tinnitus and petrous bone pneumatization. Twenty-five patients admitted between January 2012 and March 2012 were assessed. The control group data were obtained by assessment of petrous bone images of 25 cases in which paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) was performed because of chronic sinusitis and in which no ear pathology was present. Temporal bone CT images of patients with subjective pulsatile tinnitus were compared with those of patients with no ear complaints. The presence of petrous bone pneumatization was evaluated by CT. Subjective pulsatile tinnitus complaints were present for 32 of 50 ears. Pneumatization was detected in the petrous bone of 22 (68.8%) of 32 ears with subjective pulsatile tinnitus. In the control group, 25 patients (50 ears) with no ear complaints were assessed. Petrous bone pneumatization was detected in 12 (24%) of 50 ears comprising the control group. There was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (P = 0.000 < 0.001). Petrous bone pneumatization might be the cause of the subjective pulsatile tinnitus.

Accuracy of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of sliding hiatal hernias.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Diagnostic measures that can be used for sliding hiatal hernia are barium swallow radiography, endoscopy, manometry, and computed tomography. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of transabdominal ultrasonography for sliding hiatal hernias. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was performed in the radiology department of a tertiary care center between May 2011 and May 2012. Twenty-one patients (10 females, 11 males) with sliding hiatal hernias and 41 controls (37 females, 4 males) were enrolled in this study. Esophageal hiatal diameters measured by ultrasonography and computerized tomography were compared. Correlation was tested via Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: The average age of patients and controls were 58.6 and 40.1, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between esophageal hiatal diameters measured via ultrasonography in patients (31.7 mm) and controls (11.6 mm) (P < .001). Similarly, esophageal hiatal diameters measured via computed tomography in patients (31.4 mm) was statistically significantly higher than controls (11.5 mm) (P < .001). The average body mass index of patients (28.3) was higher than that of control group (P = .015). Ultrasonographic measurements were correlated well with tomographic results (P = .000, r = 0.995). CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography seems to be a valuable, safe, and practical alternative that avoids the side effects of contrast agents in the diagnosis of sliding hiatal hernias. Overall, we suggest that inclusion of ultrasound in the initial diagnostic steps for patients with sliding hiatal hernias may reduce the requirement for more expensive procedures.

The clinical value of temporal bone tomography in chronic otitis media.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the indications, the results and the limits of preoperative computed tomography (CT) scanning in chronic otitis media (COM), and to evaluate the clinical contribution of CT in determining the nature and complications of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, the results of preoperative CT with operative findings during mastoidectomy in 50 patients with COM (28 males, 22 females; mean age 34 years; range 16 to 69 years) between January 2008 and January 2010 were analyzed. RESULTS: Computed tomography was highly sensitive to the presence of soft tissue, mastoid pneumatization, dural height, and temporal bone destruction with nearly 100% sensitivity. Its contribution to detecting lateral canal fistulas, facial canal dehiscence, tegmen tympani erosion, and ossicular integrity was limited. CONCLUSION: Preoperative assessment of COM with CT produce important guidance to evaluate the extent of the disease and to prevent possible intraoperative complications.

Posterior Transpedicular Dynamic Stabilization versus Total Disc Replacement in the Treatment of Lumbar Painful Degenerative Disc Disease: A Comparison of Clinical Results.

Study Design. Prospective clinical study. Objective. This study compares the clinical results of anterior lumbar total disc replacement and posterior transpedicular dynamic stabilization in the treatment of degenerative disc disease. Summary and Background Data. Over the last two decades, both techniques have emerged as alternative treatment options to fusion surgery. Methods. This study was conducted between 2004 and 2010 with a total of 50 patients (25 in each group). The mean age of the patients in total disc prosthesis group was 37,32 years. The mean age of the patients in posterior dynamic transpedicular stabilization was 43,08. Clinical (VAS and Oswestry) and radiological evaluations (lumbar lordosis and segmental lordosis angles) of the patients were carried out prior to the operation and 3, 12, and 24 months after the operation. We compared the average duration of surgery, blood loss during the surgery and the length of hospital stay of both groups. Results. Both techniques offered significant improvements in clinical parameters. There was no significant change in radiologic evaluations after the surgery for both techniques. Conclusion. Both dynamic systems provided spine stability. However, the posterior dynamic system had a slight advantage over anterior disc prosthesis because of its convenient application and fewer possible complications.

Using dynamic maneuvers in the computed tomography/magnetic resonance assessment of lesions of the head and neck.

Despite advances in technology, the radiologic assessment of certain head and neck lesions may still pose difficulties because of the complex anatomy of this region, the small and mobile structures that this region harbors, and the apposition of mucosal surfaces in the neutral position. Certain maneuvers have been described in the literature to overcome these difficulties. We review the use of the Valsalva and the modified Valsalva maneuver, the puffed-cheek technique, phonation, and inspiration, with possible applications in head and neck imaging.