Evaluation of staining potential of Silver Diamine Fluoride, Potassium Iodide, Nanosilver Fluoride: an in vitro study.

BACKGROUND: The black staining effect of silver-containing solutions for use to arrest caries can have a negative aesthetic impact on children and parents. This study aims to assess the staining effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride/Potassium Iodide (SDF/KI), SDF and Nanosilver Fluoride (NSF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four extracted carious primary molars were collected and randomly divided into four groups (n = 11). The carious tissue in all teeth was removed using a chemo-mechanical caries removal agent with an excavator. After caries removal in all groups, SDF, SDF/KI, and NSF were applied to the different groups, while no solution was applied to the control group. Subsequently, the teeth in all groups were restored with compomer. Color values L*, a* and b* were measured using a spectrophotometer at three time points: immediately after compomer restoration (T0), one week later (T1), and four week later (T2). Changes in brightness (ΔL) and color (ΔE) over time were calculated and comparisons among groups were made. RESULTS: The SDF solution induced statistically significant black staining (p = 0.013) and a decrease in L* value (p < 0.001) on the compomer material compared to the other groups over time. CONCLUSIONS: It was observed that SDF/KI has the potential to reduce the black staining effect of SDF, though not entirely. Novel experimental solutions like NSF may offer an alternative to counteract the staining effect of SDF.

Antibacterial effects of silver diamine fluoride, potassium iodide and nanosilver fluoride on dual-species biofilm.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate antibacterial effects of silver diamine fluoride (SDF), SDF/potassium iodide (KI), and nanosilver fluoride (NSF). METHODS: Antimicrobial activity of sterile saline, 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), SDF, SDF/KI, NSF, and KI solutions against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei was assessed through disc diffusion tests. A dual-species biofilm of S. mutans-L. casei was formed on 48 enamel samples, divided into six groups (n = 8). Group 1 was treated with sterile saline, Group 2 with 5% NaOCl, Group 3 with 2% CHX, Group 4 with SDF, Group 5 with SDF/KI, and Group 6 with NSF. The samples were analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analysis utilized Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis tests and multiple comparisons were conducted using Dunn test. RESULTS: SDF, SDF/KI, and NaOCl displayed significantly higher antibacterial activity against dual-species biofilm compared to NSF and CHX (p < 0.050). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, SDF and SDF/KI demonstrated greater antibacterial activity than NSF. SDF's antibacterial activity was unaffected by KI. Further research is needed to determine the appropriate content and concentration for achieving effective antibacterial activity with NSF. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of silver-containing materials is increasing in popularity within pediatric dentistry. In this study, an endeavor has been made to assist pediatric dentists in determining which solution might be more advantageous for preventing caries.

Composition of the colon microbiota in the individuals with inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.

The human intestine is a habitat for microorganisms and, recently, the composition of the intestinal microbiota has been correlated with the etiology of diseases such as inflammations, sores, and tumors. Although many studies have been conducted to understand the composition of that microbiota, expanding these studies to more samples and different backgrounds will improve our knowledge. In this work, we showed the colon microbiota composition and diversity of healthy subjects, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colon cancer by metagenomic sequencing. Our results indicated that the relative abundance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes differs between the healthy vs. tumor biopsies, tumor vs. IBD biopsies, and fresh vs. paraffin-embedded tumor biopsies. Fusobacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus genera were relatively abundant in fresh tumor biopsies, while Pseudomonas was significantly elevated in IBD biopsies. Additionally, another opportunist pathogen Malasseziales was revealed as the most abundant fungal clade in IBD biopsies, especially in ulcerative colitis. We also found that, while the Basidiomycota:Ascomycota ratio was slightly lower in tumor biopsies compared to biopsies from healthy subjects, there was a significant increase in IBD biopsies. Our work will contribute to the known diversity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes in the colon biopsies in patients with IBD and colon cancer.

DFT investigations and molecular docking as potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease of 4-phenylpyrimidine.

In this work, quantum chemical descriptors and a vibrational analysis of 4-Phenylpyrimidine (4-PPy) were also investigated. Through conformational analysis, the most stable conformer can be determined. The geometry of the molecular structure was optimized by using the density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level. The theoretically obtained FT-IR and FT-Raman spectral data agree with the experimental results. UV-Vis was done in the gas phase along with different solvents by the TD-DFT method and the PCM solvent model. Molecular electrostatic potential, natural bond orbital analysis, nonlinear optical properties, and global chemical reactivity parameters were described through the DFT method. Besides, the chemical implications of a molecule were explained using an electron localization function and a local orbital locator. We attempted to detect the antiviral activity of the 4-PPy compound by predicting molecular docking into coronavirus 2 (SARS-n-CoV-2) protein structures (6LU7, 6M03, and 6W63), because COVID-19 is known to have serious adverse effects in all areas of human life worldwide, and possible drugs need to be investigated for this. The results of the docking simulation demonstrate good affinities for binding to the receptors.

Relationship between phosphorylamine-modification and molecular weight on transfection efficiency of chitosan.

The aim of this study is both to design the chitosan (Chi) nanoparticles with different Mw containing the phosphoester bonds and increase their amino function for the transfection. The phosphorylamine-modification of Chi and depolymerized Chi (DChi) was realized using o-phosphorylethanolamine (o-PEA) and characterized, for the first time. The nanoparticles (nMChi and nMDChi) were prepared by ionic gelation and their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, stability, gene binding capacity and cytotoxicity were examined. The effects of the Mw of Chi on the cytotoxicity, gene binding capacity, and in vitro transfection efficiency of the nanoparticles on Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells were also examined. Green Fluorescent Protein Circular Plasmid DNA (pEGFN1) loaded nanoparticles (gnMChi and gnMDChi) were used in the transfection. This study showed that the Mw of phosphorylamine-modified Chi significantly affected the characteristics, cytotoxicity, gene binding capacity and transfection efficiency of the nanoparticles.

Streptomycin and nalidixic acid elevate the spontaneous genome-wide mutation rate in Escherichia coli.

Since antibiotic resistance is a growing public health problem worldwide, it is important to understand how antibiotics and spontaneous mutations cooperate and shape the genome-wide mutation rate and spectrum. Here, we quantitatively evaluate genome-wide mutational profiles of Escherichia coli after long-term subinhibitory exposure to a broad-spectrum (streptomycin) and a narrow-spectrum antibiotic (nalidixic acid), using a mutation accumulation design combined with whole-genome resequencing of replicate lines as a mutagenicity test. We determined that, while the genome-wide mutation rate is slightly higher in the streptomycin-treated lines compared to the control lines, there is a significant increase in the nalidixic acid-treated lines. Our findings suggest that both broad and narrow-spectrum antibiotics may elevate the mutation rates in E. coli, but mechanisms of action may affect the consequence, thus contribute to accelerating the rate of adaptation and conferring antibiotic resistance.

The Association between Premature Adrenarche and Cardiovascular Risk May Be Greater than Expected.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the cardiovascular risk of children with premature adrenarche (PA). METHODS: A total of 75 children (44 with PA and 31 control subjects) aged 6-10 years were included in the study. Their metabolic, anthropometric, and echocardiographic parameters were recorded and compared. RESULTS: Triglyceride, DHEA-SO4, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels were significantly higher in the PA group (p = 0.04, p = 0.002, and p = 0.01, respectively). The echocardiographic assessments revealed that the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (p < 0.001), left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV) ejection times (p = 0.031 and p = 0.035, respectively), and LV and RV Tei index measurements (p = 0.033 and p = 0.006, respectively) were significantly higher in the PA group than in the control group, whereas the E/e' ratio of the mitral lateral annulus was significantly lower in the PA group (p = 0.006). Additionally, carotid intima-media thickness and epicardial adipose tissue measurements were significantly increased in the PA group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Early atherosclerotic changes and subclinical impairment of cardiac function were observed in children with PA. It is possible that these children are on a course for early cardiovascular disease.

Evaluation of children presenting to the emergency room after electrical injury.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To evaluate children who presented to the Pediatric Emergency Department with electrical injury and to discuss the follow-up of these cases and potential precautions that can be taken. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 36 patients presented to the Pediatric Emergency Department with electrical injury between May 2010 and May 2013, and these cases were investigated retrospectively. The patients' age and sex, location and form of exposure to electric current, seasonal distribution, length of hospital stay, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system complications, renal damage, and treatments were recorded. RESULTS: The majority of the patients were exposed to low-voltage electrical current at home. When the patients were evaluated based on the type of electric current, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-myocardial isoenzyme levels were found to be significantly higher among patients who were exposed to high-voltage electric current. None of the patients died, and the mean length of hospital stay was 2.50 ± 1.06 days. CONCLUSION: Electrical injuries can present with a wide variety of problems, ranging from a simple injury to life-threatening severe multiple organ injury. Even simple precautions can prevent possible morbidity and mortality. We think that the public level of knowledge and awareness should be increased.