Survey data on the impact of COVID-19 on parental engagement across 23 countries.

This data article describes the dataset of the International COVID-19 Impact on Parental Engagement Study (ICIPES). ICIPES is a collaborative effort of more than 20 institutions to investigate the ways in which, parents and caregivers built capacity engaged with children's learning during the period of social distancing arising from global COVID-19 pandemic. A series of data were collected using an online survey conducted in 23 countries and had a total sample of 4,658 parents/caregivers. The description of the data contained in this article is divided into two main parts. The first part is a descriptive analysis of all the items included in the survey and was performed using tables and figures. The second part refers to the construction of scales. Three scales were constructed and included in the dataset: 'parental acceptance and confidence in the use of technology', 'parental engagement in children's learning' and 'socioeconomic status'. The scales were created using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Multi-Group Confirmatory Analysis (MG-CFA) and were adopted to evaluate their cross-cultural comparability (i.e., measurement invariance) across countries and within sub-groups. This dataset will be relevant for researchers in different fields, particularly for those interested in international comparative education.

Rehabilitación en la inhibición muscular artrogénica: revisión sistemática / Rehabilitation of the arthrogenic muscle inhibition: systematic reviw

La Inhibición Muscular Artrogénica (IMA) es la inhibición refleja continua de los músculos que rodean una articulación lesionada. Dicha condición impide o retarda el proceso de rehabilitación hasta tanto esta no sea resuelta. Dentro de las intervenciones terapéuticas estudiadas para el tra- tamiento de la IMA se encuentran la estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular (NMES), la estimula- ción eléctrica nerviosa transcutánea (TENS), el ejercicio terapéutico y la crioterapia. Teniendo en cuenta que la IMA es un factor limitante en la rehabilitación de lesiones articulares, es relevante conocer las intervenciones terapéuticas usadas por el fisioterapeuta que pueden contribuir a con- trolar esta condición para favorecer la recuperación funcional y mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes con patologías articulares. Objetivo: revisar las intervenciones fisioterapéuticas que po- drían ser más indicadas para disminuir el impacto de la IMA en la rehabilitación de pacientes con lesiones o patologías articulares. Método: Esta revisión incluyó el análisis de 9 artículos, los cuales fueron evaluados a través de la escala PEDro. Resultados: El TENS, el NMES, el ejercicio terapéu- tico y la crioterapia son las intervenciones terapéuticas que han mostrado cambios favorables en la activación y la fuerza muscular, contrarrestando los efectos perjudiciales de la IMA. La crioterapia es la modalidad física que mayores beneficios ofrece sobre el músculo inhibido. Conclusiones: Se requiere de estudios clínicos controlados que evalúen el efecto de las cuatro modalidades en con- diciones clínicas reales, así mismo respecto a la crioterapia se requieren estudios para determinar la dosis apropiada.

Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition (AMI), is a continuous inhibitory reflex of the muscles surroun- ding an injured joint, this condition prevents or delays the rehabilitation process. Therapeutic interventions focused on the treatment of AMI are the Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES), the Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), the therapeutic exercise and cryotherapy. Considering AMI as a limiting factor in the rehabilitation of joint injuries, it is im- portant to study the therapeutic interventions made by physiotherapists that might reduce that condition and improve functional recovery and the quality of life of patients with joint diseases. Objective: To review the physiotherapeutic methods that could be the most appropriate to diminish the impact of AMI in the rehabilitation of patients with joint injuries or pathologies. Method: This review included the analysis of 9 articles, which were evaluated using the PEDro scale. Results: The TENS, the NMES, the therapeutic exercise and the cryotherapy are the therapeutic interventions that have proven to be most effective in terms of activation, muscular strength and resistance to the harmful effects of AMI. According to the results, cryotherapy is the physical agent with the most positive effect on the inhibited muscle. Conclusions: Further clinical controlled studies that evaluate the effect of these four methods in clinical conditions are needed. More studies are also needed to establish the appropriate dose of cryotherapy.

The R(Pi-mcd1) locus from Solanum microdontum involved in resistance to Phytophthora infestans, causing a delay in infection, maps on potato chromosome 4 in a cluster of NBS-LRR genes.

The distinction between field resistance and resistance based on resistance (R) genes has been proven valid for many plant-pathogen interactions. This distinction does not seem to be valid for the interaction between potato and late blight. In this study, a locus involved in late blight resistance, derived from Solanum microdontum, provides additional evidence for this lack of distinction. The resistance is associated with a hypersensitive response and results in a delay of infection of approximately 1 to 2 weeks. Both a quantitative as well as a qualitative genetic approach were used, based on data from a field assay. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified a QTL on chromosome 4 after correction of the resistance data for plant maturity. A qualitative genetic analysis resulted in the positioning of this locus on the short arm of chromosome 4 in between amplified fragment length polymorphism marker pCTmACG_310 and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers TG339 and T0703. This position coincides with a conserved Phytophthora R gene cluster which includes R2, R(2-like), R(Pi-blb3), and R(Pi-abpt). This implies that R(Pi-mcd1) is the fifth R gene of this nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat cluster. The implications of our results on R-gene-based and field resistance are discussed.

Environmental biosafety and transgenic potato in a centre of diversity for this crop.

The Nuffield Council on Bioethics suggests that introgression of genetic material into related species in centres of crop biodiversity is an insufficient justification to bar the use of genetically modified crops in the developing world. They consider that a precautionary approach to forgo the possible benefits invokes the fallacy of thinking that doing nothing is itself without risk to the poor. Here we report findings relevant to this and other aspects of environmental biosafety for genetically modified potato in its main centre of biodiversity, the central Andes. We studied genetically modified potato clones that provide resistance to nematodes, principal pests of Andean potato crops. We show that there is no harm to many non-target organisms, but gene flow occurs to wild relatives growing near potato crops. If stable introgression were to result, the fitness of these wild species could be altered. We therefore transformed the male sterile cultivar Revolucion to provide a genetically modified nematode-resistant potato to evaluate the benefits that this provides until the possibility of stable introgression to wild relatives is determined. Thus, scientific progress is possible without compromise to the precautionary principle.