College integration and social class.

What is the impact of social class on college integration? Higher education institutions are becoming more diverse, yet the integration of underprivileged students remains a challenge. Using a social network approach, we analyze the general integration of low socioeconomic status (SES) students, as well as how segregated by class these friends are. The object of analysis is the extreme case of an elite university that, based on a government loan program (Ser Pilo Paga), opened its doors to many low-SES students in a very unequal country, Colombia. Using a mixed methods perspective, including a survey, 61 in depth interviews, and ethnographic observation, we analyze friendship networks and their meanings, barriers, and facilitators. Contrary to the literature, we find that low-SES students had, on average, the same number of connections and were no more isolated than students from upper social classes. Also, low-SES students' networks were not more segregated, even if relations with the upper classes were less likely and required more relational work than with middle or lower class friends. This high level of social integration stemmed from the intense relational work that low-SES students engage in, so as to fit in. Middle class friends act as a catalyst that can enable cross-class friendships.

Insights into the Pummerer synthesis of oxazolines.

A rapid and simple method to access unnatural 2-substituted 5-thio oxazolines has been developed. This methodology is based on a Pummerer reaction followed by an intramolecular nucleophilic substitution, which changes the paradigm for the normal use of a base in Pummerer chemistry. We also provide a useful two-step method for the synthesis of the starting material and a mechanistic proposal based on experimental observations, which contests the previously proposed reaction pathway. The reaction proved to be general, and different substituents, such as alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and functionalized groups, can be used without a significant decrease in efficiency.

Caracterización del razonamiento moral en la práctica clínica en relación con el proceso de formación médica en una facultad de medicina, categoría altruismo y dignidad, beneficencia, confidencialidad y deber de cuidado / Characterization of moral reasoning in clinical practice in relation to the process of medical education in a faculty of medicine, and dignity category altruism, charity, confidentiality and duty of care

Profundas transformaciones en el ejercicio de las profesiones de la salud han traído consigo consecuencias de carácter ontológico y ético para la medicina contemporánea. En este escenario alcanzar un adecuado desarrollo moral debe ser un objetivo central de la educación médica. En este artículo se presentan los primeros resultados de una investigación que tuvo como propósito caracterizar el razonamiento moral en la práctica clínica y su relación con el proceso de formación de los estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Javeriana de Bogotá, Colombia. Para tal fin, se analizó la relación entre cinco categorías/campos de la moral (altruismo, contrato-confianza-justicia en el intercambio, conciencia, descentración-del-interés-propio y adopción roles) y cuatro categorías relevantes para la bioética clínica (dignidad, beneficencia, confidencialidad y deber-de-cuidado). Participaron en total 484 estudiantes que provenían de cada uno de los semestres de primero a decimo de la carrera de medicina durante el segundo periodo académico de 2008. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en cuatro de las cinco sub-variables estudiadas con un nivel de significación de .05 y se pudo apreciar que el razonamiento no se manifiesta como una línea de progreso sino que evidencia rutas particulares e itinerarios diversos.