Sedentarismo y patrones alimentarios no saludables en la antropometría de niños del milenio peruanos 2009-2016 / Sedentary life and unhealthy eating patterns on the anthropometry of peruvian young lives: 2009 - 2016

Introducción: el sedentarismo y mantener patrones alimen-tarios no saludables influyen en la antropometría a largo plazo. Objetivos: Asociar patrones alimentarios no saludables yestilo de vida sedentario en el desarrollo de sobrepeso (SP) yobesidad (OB) e incremento de índice de masa corporal(IMC), en adolescentes y jóvenes del estudio Niños delMilenio en Perú entre 2009 y 2016. Material y métodos: Investigación observacional analí-tica, de cohortes retrospectivo realizado en 598 adolescentesy 1860 niños, se realizaron modelos bivariados y multivaria-dos para estudiar los factores de exposición y el desarrollo deSP, OB y variación en el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: El consumo frecuente de comidas no saluda-bles es factor de riesgo (FR) para SP, mientras que el de be-bidas no saludables fue FR para SP y OB, el consumo del de-sayuno es factor protector (FP) para SP y OB, la cena fue FPpara SP, realizar actividad física es FP para SP y OB. Discusión: La actividad física periódica protege frente alSP y OB aún en poblaciones que sean sedentarias y presen-ten patrones alimentarios no saludables. Conclusiones: Mantener patrones alimentarios no salu-dables incrementa el riesgo de exceso de peso y realizar ac-tividad física de al menos 30 minutos diarios protege frentea SP y OB.(AU)

Introduction: sedentary lifestyle and maintaining un-healthy eating patterns influence long-term anthropometry. Objective: Associate unhealthy eating patterns andsedentary lifestyle in the development of overweight (OW),obesity (OB) and increased body mass index (BMI), in ado-lescents and young people from the Young Lives study in Perubetween 2009 and 2016. Material and methods: Observational, analytical, retro-spective cohort research, conducted in 598 adolescents and1860 children, bivariate and multivariate models, were per-formed to study the exposure factors and the development ofOW, OB and variation in the body mass index (BMI). Discussion: Regular physical activity protects against OWand OB even in populations that are sedentary and have un-healthy eating patterns. Results: The frequent consumption of unhealthy meals isa risk factor (RF) for SP, while that of unhealthy drinks was FRfor SP and OB, the consumption of breakfast is a protectivefactor (PF) for OW and OB, dinner was FP for OW, perform-ing physical activity is FP for OW and OB. Conclusions: Maintaining unhealthy eating patterns in-creases the risk of excess weight, physical activity of at least30 minutes a day protects against OW and OB.(AU)

Osteogénesis imperfecta: Diagnóstico y manejo de una enfermedad huérfana en un hospital regional peruano. A propósito de un caso

La osteogénesis imperfecta es una enfermedad rara de herencia autosómica dominante en la cual existen anomalías en la síntesis o degradación del colágeno que afecta al tejido conectivo ocasionando múltiples fracturas. Neonato femenino, a término 38 semanas, nacido por cesarea, procedente de Pichari, ingres6 por cuadro de dificultad respiratoria instalada durante atención inmediata. Al examen físico se palpa crepitaciones en articulaciones. La paciente fue diagnosticada de osteogénesis imperfecta en base a los hallazgos clínicos y de imágenes, al carecer de evaluaciones genéticas.

SUMMARY Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare autosome dominant disease in which there are anomalies in the synthesis of collagen affecting the connective tissue leading to multiple fractures. We present the case of a 38-week newborn from Pichari born of a cesarean section who presented respiratory failure. The patient presented crackles on the joints and was diagnosed on clinical grounds of osteogenesis imperfecta.

Mujeres científicas: características y factores asociados a la primera autoría y corresponsalía en revistas peruanas indizadas a SciELO, 2010-2015 / Scientific women: Characteristics and factors associated with being first author and author for correspondence in Peruvian journals indexed to SciELO, 2010-2015

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar y determinar los factores asociados a la primera autoría y corresponsalía de mujeres que publicaron en revistas peruanas indizadas a SciELO entre 2010 y 2015. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio transversal analítico bibliométrico de datos secundarios. Se evaluaron todas las publicaciones científicas que tuvieran cuando menos una autora mujer en las 9 revistas peruanas indizadas a la base SciELO entre 2010 y 2015. Se evaluaron las características del artículo, la autoría y la filiación. Se obtuvieron estadísticos descriptivos y analíticos. RESULTADOS: De las 795 publicaciones científicas que tuvieron cuando menos una mujer autora, el 41% (324) y el 35% (253) tuvieron a una mujer como primera autora o corresponsal, respectivamente. La revista que tuvo publicaciones con mayor participación femenina fue la del Instituto Nacional de Salud (153). Según el año de publicación, no variaron los porcentajes de mujeres como primera autora (R2 = 0) o corresponsal (R2 < 0,01). Al realizar el análisis bivariado, hubo una menor frecuencia de primeras autoras que reportaban casos (RP: 0,46; IC 95%: 0,27-0,78) y originales breves (RP: 0,46; IC 95%: 0,24-0,90). En la revista médica herediana hubo más frecuencia de primeras autoras (RP: 1,60; IC 95%: 1,11-2,30). La revista de estomatología tuvo más frecuencia de primeras autoras (RP: 2,09; IC95%: 1,31-3,35) y corresponsales mujeres (RP: 2,15; IC95%: 1,30-3,56). CONCLUSIÓN: El reporte y liderazgo de mujeres en publicaciones científicas peruana es aún minoritario y con un estancamiento en el tiempo, por lo que deben crearse redes de colaboración y capacitación que sean más inclusivas con las mujeres, para apoyar y dar sostenibilidad a este crecimiento

OBJECTIVE: To characterise and determine factors associated with the first authorship and author for correspondence of women who published in Peruvian journals indexed in SciELO between 2010 and 2015. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional bibliometric analysis of secondary data. All the scientific publications had at least one female author, were evaluated in the 9 Peruvian journals indexed to the SciELO database between 2010 and 2015. The characteristics of the article, authorship and filiation were evaluated. Descriptive and analytical statistics were obtained. RESULTS: Of the 795 scientific publications that had at least one female author, 41% (324) and 35% (253) had a woman as the first author or corresponding author, respectively. The journal that had publications with the largest female participation was the National Institute of Health (153). As regards the year of publication, the percentages of women as the first (R2 = 0) or corresponding author (R2 < .01) did not vary. When performing the bivariate analysis, there was a lower frequency of first authors reporting cases (PR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.27-0.78), and short originals (PR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.24-0.90). First authors were more frequent (RP: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.11-2.30) in the hereditary medical journal, and the stomatology journal had a higher frequency of female first authors (RP: 2.09; 95%CI: 1.31-3.35) and corresponding authors (RP: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.30-3.56). CONCLUSION: The data and leadership of women in Peruvian scientific publications is still a minority and is stagnant in time. For this reason, collaboration and training networks must be created that are more inclusive with women, in order to support and help sustain its growth

Revisión clínica y epidemiológica de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria en una región central del Perú / Clinical and epidemiological review of tegumentary leishmaniasis in a central region of Peru

Resumen Introducción: La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad infecciosa que presenta una elevada prevalencia e incidencia mundial, causando alrededor de 70.000 muertes anuales. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil clínico y epidemiológico de los casos de leishmaniasis tegumentaria en la Provincia de Ambo, Departamento de Huánuco, Perú, durante el período: años 2000 a 2017. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo y transversal de base poblacional. Resultados: Se identificaron 1.312 pacientes confirmados de leishmaniasis tegumentaria. La forma clínica cutánea tuvo una mayor prevalencia en comparación a la muco-cutánea (83,2 vs 16,7%). La infección en el género masculino tuvo mayor predominio frente al femenino (53,3 vs 46,6%). La mayor tasa de incidencia anual reportada fue de 412,67/100.000 habts. durante el año 2000 mientras que la menor registrada fue en el 2015 con 24,45/100.000 habts. El Distrito de Ambo fue el más afectado con la forma clínica cutánea (43,1%) y la muco-cutánea (38,2%) de la enfermedad. El principal método diagnóstico para ambas formas clínicas fue el examen microscópico directo (82,0 vs 81,0%) y la terapia más utilizada fue con estibogluconato de sodio (85,6 vs 78,6%). Se reportó falla al tratamiento de 25% para ambas presentaciones clínicas. Conclusiones: Las condiciones eco-ambientales de esta zona del Perú han permitido el establecimiento de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria; mostrando tendencias similares a las comunicadas en la literatura mundial. Sin embargo, se necesitan más investigaciones que expliquen el comportamiento epidemiológico de esta enfermedad y permitan crear modelos de predicción epidemiológica para un control adecuado y oportuno.

Background: Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease with a high prevalence and worldwide incidence, causing around 70,000 deaths per year. Aim: To determine the clinical and epidemiological profile of cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the Province of Ambo, Department of Huánuco, Peru, during the period from 2000 to 2017. Methods: A descriptive, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted population base. Results: We identified 1,312 confirmed cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis, the cutaneous clinical form had a higher prevalence compared to mucocutaneous (83.2 vs 16.7%). The infection in the masculine gender had greater predominance in front of the feminine one (53.3 vs 46.6%). The highest reported annual incidence rate was 412.67/ 100,000 inhabitants during the year 2000 while the lowest registered was in 2015 with 24.45/ 100,000 inhabitants. The Ambo district was the most affected in the clinical cutaneous form (43.1%) as mucocutaneous (38.2%) of the disease. The main diagnostic method for both clinical forms was microscopy (82.0 vs 81.0%) and the most used therapy was sodium stibogluconate (85.6 vs 78.6%). Failure to treatment was reported in 25% for both presentations clinics. Conclusions: The eco-environmental conditions of this area of Peru have allowed the establishment of tegumentary leishmaniasis; showing trends similar to world literature. However, more research is needed to explain the epidemiological behavior of this disease that allows the creation of epidemiological prediction models for timely and adequate control.

Factores asociados a la homofobia en estudiantes de Medicina de once universidades peruanas / Factors associated with homophobia in medical students from eleven Peruvian universities

RESUMEN Introducción: Las consecuencias de la homofobia pueden afectar a la integridad y la salud mental y física de los individuos homosexuales en la sociedad. En Perú hay escasos estudios que hayan evaluado la homofobia en la población médico-estudiantil. Objetivo: Determinar los factores sociales, educativos y culturales asociados con la homofobia entre estudiantes de Medicina peruanos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal analítico en 12 sedes de Medicina humana peruanas. Se definió homofobia según un test validado, que se asoció con otras variables. Se obtuvieron estadísticos de asociación. Resultados: Las 4 universidades de Lima obtuvieron menores porcentajes de alumnos homofóbicos (15-20%) que las universidades del interior del país (22-62%). Al realizar el análisis multivariable, disminuyeron la frecuencia de homofobia: ser mujer (RPa = 0,74; IC95%, 0,610,92; p = 0,005), estudiar en una universidad de Lima (RPa = 0,57; IC95%, 0,43-0,75; p < 0,001), profesar la religión católica (RPa = 0,53; IC95%, 0,37-0,76; p < 0,001), conocer a un homosexual (RPa = 0,73; IC95%, 0,60-0,90; p = 0,003) y haber atendido a un paciente homosexual (RPa = 0,76; IC95%, 0,59-0,98; p = 0,036); en cambio, ser machista aumentó la frecuencia de homofobia (RPa = 1,37; IC95%, 1,09-1,72; p = 0,007), ajustado por 4 variables. Conclusiones: La homofobia fue menos frecuente entre las mujeres, los que estudiaban en la capital, los que profesan el catolicismo y los que conocen/han atendido a un homosexual; por el contrario, los machistas fueron más homofóbicos.

ABSTRACT Background: The consequences of homophobia can affect the integrity, mental and physical health of homosexual individuals in society. There are few studies in Peru that have evaluated homophobia in the medical student population. Objective: To establish the social, educational and cultural factors associated with homophobia among Peruvian medical students. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 12 medicine schools in Peru. Homophobia was defined according to a validated test, which was associated with other variables. Statistical associations were identified. Results: The lowest percentages of homophobic students (15-20%) were found in the four universities in Lima, while universities in the interior of the country had the highest percentages (22-62%). Performing a multivariate analysis, we found that the frequency of homophobia was lower for the following variables: the female gender (PRa=0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.92; p=0.005), studying at a university in Lima (PRa=0.57; 95% CI, 0.43-0.75; p<0.001), professing the Catholic religion (PRa=0.53; 95% CI, 0.37-0.76;p<0.001), knowing a homosexual (PRa=0.73; 95% CI, 0.60-0.90; p=0.003) and having treated a homosexual patient (PRa=0.76; 95% CI, 0.59-0.98; p=0.036). In contrast, the frequency of homophobia increased in male chauvinists (PRa=1.37; 95% CI, 1.09-1.72; p=0.007), adjusted by four variables. Conclusions: Homophobia was less common in women, in those who study in the capital, those who profess Catholicism and those who know/have treated a homosexual. In contrast, male chauvinists were more homophobic.

Factors associated with homophobia in medical students from eleven Peruvian universities. / Factores asociados a la homofobia en estudiantes de Medicina de once universidades peruanas.

BACKGROUND: The consequences of homophobia can affect the integrity, mental and physical health of homosexual individuals in society. There are few studies in Peru that have evaluated homophobia in the medical student population. OBJECTIVE: To establish the social, educational and cultural factors associated with homophobia among Peruvian medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 12 medicine schools in Peru. Homophobia was defined according to a validated test, which was associated with other variables. Statistical associations were identified. RESULTS: The lowest percentages of homophobic students (15-20%) were found in the four universities in Lima, while universities in the interior of the country had the highest percentages (22-62%). Performing a multivariate analysis, we found that the frequency of homophobia was lower for the following variables: the female gender (PRa=0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.92; p=0.005), studying at a university in Lima (PRa=0.57; 95% CI, 0.43-0.75; p<0.001), professing the Catholic religion (PRa=0.53; 95% CI, 0.37-0.76; p<0.001), knowing a homosexual (PRa=0.73; 95% CI, 0.60-0.90; p=0.003) and having treated a homosexual patient (PRa=0.76; 95% CI, 0.59-0.98; p=0.036). In contrast, the frequency of homophobia increased in male chauvinists (PRa=1.37; 95% CI, 1.09-1.72; p=0.007), adjusted by four variables. CONCLUSIONS: Homophobia was less common in women, in those who study in the capital, those who profess Catholicism and those who know/have treated a homosexual. In contrast, male chauvinists were more homophobic.

[Clinical and epidemiological review of tegumentary leishmaniasis in a central region of Peru]. / Revisión clínica y epidemiológica de la leishmaniasis tegumentaria en una región central del Perú.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease with a high prevalence and worldwide incidence, causing around 70,000 deaths per year. AIM: To determine the clinical and epidemiological profile of cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis in the Province of Ambo, Department of Huánuco, Peru, during the period from 2000 to 2017. METHODS: A descriptive, observational, retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted population base. RESULTS: We identified 1,312 confirmed cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis, the cutaneous clinical form had a higher prevalence compared to mucocutaneous (83.2 vs 16.7%). The infection in the masculine gender had greater predominance in front of the feminine one (53.3 vs 46.6%). The highest reported annual incidence rate was 412.67/ 100,000 inhabitants during the year 2000 while the lowest registered was in 2015 with 24.45/ 100,000 inhabitants. The Ambo district was the most affected in the clinical cutaneous form (43.1%) as mucocutaneous (38.2%) of the disease. The main diagnostic method for both clinical forms was microscopy (82.0 vs 81.0%) and the most used therapy was sodium stibogluconate (85.6 vs 78.6%). Failure to treatment was reported in 25% for both presentations clinics. CONCLUSIONS: The eco-environmental conditions of this area of Peru have allowed the establishment of tegumentary leishmaniasis; showing trends similar to world literature. However, more research is needed to explain the epidemiological behavior of this disease that allows the creation of epidemiological prediction models for timely and adequate control.