ABSTRACT
Approximately 10% of dementia patients have idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), an expansion of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled brain ventricles. iNPH and Alzheimer's disease (AD) both exhibit sleep disturbances, build-up of brain metabolic wastes and amyloid-ß (Aß) plaques, perivascular reactive astrogliosis, and mislocalization of astrocyte aquaporin-4 (AQP4). The glia-lymphatic (glymphatic) system facilitates brain fluid clearance and waste removal during sleep via glia-supported perivascular channels. Human studies have implicated impaired glymphatic function in both AD and iNPH. Continued investigation into the role of glymphatic system biology in AD and iNPH models could lead to new strategies to improve brain health by restoring homeostatic brain metabolism and CSF dynamics.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease/pathology , Glymphatic System/pathology , Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure/pathology , Alzheimer Disease/metabolism , Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism , Animals , Aquaporin 4/metabolism , Astrocytes/metabolism , Astrocytes/pathology , Brain/metabolism , Brain/pathology , Glymphatic System/metabolism , Humans , Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure/metabolismABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare the supine versus prone position in closed reduction and percutaneous pinning for supracondylar humeral fractures in children in terms of patient characteristics and outcome. METHODS: Records of 25 girls and 31 boys aged 4 to 9 (mean, 6.7) years who underwent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning in the prone (n=27) or supine (n=29) position each by one experienced surgeon for supracondylar extension type-3 humeral fractures were reviewed. RESULTS: The prone and supine groups were comparable in terms of patient characteristics and outcome, except that anaesthesia duration was shorter in surgery performed in the supine position (46.7 vs. 37.2 minutes, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In surgery for supracondylar humeral fractures in children, patient position affected only the duration of anaesthesia.
Subject(s)
Fracture Fixation, Internal , Humeral Fractures/surgery , Patient Positioning , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Prone Position , Retrospective Studies , Supine Position , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Babesia ovis antibodies is described. In an initial study, a crude Babesia bovis antigen and a synthetic B. bovis-derived antigen (designated 11C5) were used to screen 46 B. ovis-positive and 55 negative sheep sera. A 95% correlation between the two antigenic preparations was found with the positive sera; no negative sera gave positive reactions. The synthetic antigen was then used in the screening of 1466 sera collected from sheep from 18 regions of Turkey. A high incidence of B. ovis-positive reactions was found from all regions (60-80%) in sheep over 1 year old, while from two smaller samples the incidence in young sheep was much less (28 and 52%). This test is superior to existing ones because the synthetic antigen can be produced in a highly reproducible state, is specific and is stable over extended periods of time.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Protozoan , Babesia bovis/immunology , Babesiosis/diagnosis , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Sheep Diseases/diagnosis , Animals , Cross Reactions , Predictive Value of Tests , Recombinant Proteins , Reproducibility of Results , Sheep , TurkeyABSTRACT
Adult sheep were vaccinated twice with crude extracts of either Babesia bovis or B ovis parasites in Freund's complete adjuvant, four weeks apart. Three weeks later these two groups and a third susceptible group were challenged with B ovis organisms. Both vaccinated groups had significantly lower parasitaemias than control animals.
