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1.
Farm. hosp ; 31(6): 353-369, nov.-dic. 2007. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-65264

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: En los últimos años se ha constatado un incremento en las infecciones causadas por cocos gram positivos en pacientes críticos, junto a un rápido desarrollo de resistencias a los antibióticos habitualmente empleados para su tratamiento. El objetivo es elaborar una guía de tratamiento antibiótico de las infecciones más frecuentes causadas por cocos gram positivos en pacientes críticos, que ayude a la toma de decisiones asistenciales.Método: Expertos de dos grupos de trabajo de dos sociedades científicas, pertenecientes al Grupo de estudio de Infecciones en el Paciente Crítico de la SEIMC (GEIPC-SEIMC) y al Grupo de Trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la SEMICYUC (GTEI-SEMICYUC),se reunieron con el objetivo de elaborar un documento de consenso. Se hizo una revisión sistemática de la literatura publicada hasta septiembre de 2006 referida a estas infecciones, y con los tratamientos antibióticos comercializados hasta entonces. Se aplicó un sistema de graduación de la evidencia según la fuerza de la recomendación (categorías A, B o C) y el grado de evidencia (categorías I, II o III). Se realizaron las recomendaciones por consenso entre los expertos de ambas sociedades.Resultados: Se presentan en forma de tablas las pautas antibióticas recomendadas para el tratamiento de las infecciones causadas por cocos gram positivos, reflejando el grado de recomendación. Se expresan las alternativas para el caso de pacientes alérgicos. En el texto se razona la base científica sobre la que se sustentan dichas recomendaciones citando las referencias en las que se apoyan.Conclusiones: Se presenta el resumen de una guía práctica, basada en la evidencia, para el tratamiento antibiótico de infecciones por cocos gram positivos en el paciente crítico


Objective: In recent years there has been an increase in infections caused by gram-positive cocci in critical patients, together with a rapid development of resistance to the antibiotics which arenormally used to treat them. The objective is to prepare an antibiotic treatment guide for the most common infections caused bygram positive cocci in critical patients. This guide will help in the decision-making process regarding the care of such patients.Method: Experts from two scientific societies worked together to prepare a consensus document. They were members of the Study Group on Infections in Critical Patients (GEIPC), which is part of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology(SEIMC), and the Infectious Diseases Working Group (GTEI), belonging to the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC). There was a systematic review of the literature published up to September 2006 regarding this type of infections and the antibiotic treatments marketed to that date. An evidence grading system was applied according to the strength of the recommendation (categories A, B or C) and the level of evidence (categories I, II or III). Recommendations were given if there was consensus among the experts from both societies.Results: The antibiotic regimens recommended for treatinginfections caused by gram-positive cocci were presented in the form of tables, showing the recommendation grade. Alternatives were given for allergic patients. The scientific basis supporting the aforementioned recommendations is explained within the text and the references upon which they are based are cited.Conclusions: A summary of an evidence-based practicalguide for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive cocci in critical patients is presented


Subject(s)
Humans , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Critical Care/methods , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Gram-Positive Cocci , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Critical Illness/therapy , Consensus
2.
Med Intensiva ; 31(6): 294-317, 2007.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17663956

ABSTRACT

In recent years, an increment of infections caused by gram-positive cocci has been documented in nosocomial and hospital-acquired infections. In diverse countries, a rapid development of resistance to common antibiotics against gram-positive cocci has been observed. This situation is exceptional in Spain but our country might be affected in the near future. New antimicrobials active against these multi-drug resistant pathogens are nowadays available. It is essential to improve our current knowledge about pharmacokinetic properties of traditional and new antimicrobials to maximize its effectiveness and to minimize toxicity. These issues are even more important in critically ill patients because inadequate empirical therapy is associated with therapeutic failure and a poor outcome. Experts representing two scientific societies (Grupo de estudio de Infecciones en el Paciente Critico de la SEIMC and Grupo de trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la SEMICYUC) have elaborated a consensus document based on the current scientific evidence to summarize recommendations for the treatment of serious infections caused by gram-positive cocci in critically ill patients.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteremia/drug therapy , Bacteremia/etiology , Catheterization/adverse effects , Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Community-Acquired Infections/drug therapy , Critical Illness , Cross Infection/drug therapy , Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Humans , Pneumonia, Bacterial/drug therapy , Soft Tissue Infections/drug therapy
3.
Enferm. infecc. microbiol. clín. (Ed. impr.) ; 25(7): 446-466, ago. 2007. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-056931

ABSTRACT

En los últimos años se ha constatado un incremento en las infecciones causadas por cocos grampositivos tanto en infecciones comunitarias como nosocomiales. En algunos países, se ha observado un rápido desarrollo de resistencias a los antibióticos habitualmente empleados para su tratamiento, y se supone que esa situación puede llegar en el futuro a nuestro país. Se están desarrollando nuevos antimicrobianos específicamente dirigidos para el tratamiento de estas infecciones, pero es necesario profundizar en el conocimiento de las propiedades farmacocinéticas de los antibióticos tanto antiguos como nuevos, para aprovechar al máximo sus cualidades frente a estos patógenos y evitar en lo posible su toxicidad. En el paciente crítico estos problemas son más acuciantes, ya que la inadecuación del tratamiento, tanto en la elección del antibiótico como en la dosis y en la administración, se acompañan frecuentemente de fracasos terapéuticos y por tanto de mal pronóstico. Expertos de dos grupos de trabajo de dos Sociedades científicas, pertenecientes al Grupo de estudio de Infecciones en el Paciente Crítico de la SEIMC (GEIPC-SEIMC) y al Grupo de trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la SEMICYUC (GTEI-SEMICYUC) se han reunido con el objetivo de elaborar un documento de consenso, basado en la evidencia científica, que recoge las recomendaciones para el tratamiento antibiótico de las infecciones graves causadas por cocos grampositivos en el paciente crítico y que ayude en la toma de decisiones asistenciales (AU)


In recent years, an increment of infections caused by gram-positive cocci has been documented in nosocomial and hospital-acquired-infections. In diverse countries, a rapid development of resistance to common antibiotics against gram-positive cocci has been observed. This situation is exceptional in Spain but our country might be affected in the near future. New antimicrobials active against these multi-drug resistant pathogens are nowadays available. It is essential to improve our current knowledge about pharmacokinetic properties of traditional and new antimicrobials to maximize its effectiveness and to minimize toxicity. These issues are even more important in critically ill patients because inadequate empirical therapy is associated with therapeutic failure and a poor outcome. Experts representing two scientific societies (Grupo de estudio de Infecciones en el Paciente Crítico de la SEIMC and Grupo de trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la SEMICYUC) have elaborated a consensus document based on the current scientific evidence to summarize recommendations for the treatment of serious infections caused by gram-positive cocci in critically ill patients (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Gram-Positive Cocci/pathogenicity , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Critical Care/methods , Drug Resistance , Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
4.
Med. intensiva (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 31(6): 294-317, ago. 2007. tab
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-64450

ABSTRACT

En los últimos años se ha constatado un incremento en las infecciones causadas por cocos grampositivos tanto en infecciones comunitarias como nosocomiales. En algunos países, se ha observado un rápido desarrollo de resistencias a los antibióticos habitualmente empleados para su tratamiento, y se supone que esa situación puede llegar en el futuro a nuestro país. Se están desarrollando nuevos antimicrobianos específicamente dirigidos para el tratamiento de estas infecciones, pero es necesario profundizar en el conocimiento de las propiedades farmacocinéticas de los antibióticos tanto antiguos como nuevos, para aprovechar al máximo sus cualidades frente a estos patógenos y evitar en lo posible su toxicidad. En el paciente crítico estos problemas son más acuciantes, ya que la inadecuación del tratamiento, tanto en la elección del antibiótico como en la dosis y en la administración, se acompañan frecuentemente de fracasos terapéuticos y por tanto de mal pronóstico. Expertos de dos grupos de trabajo de dos Sociedades científicas, pertenecientes al Grupo de estudio de Infecciones en el Paciente Crítico de la SEIMC (GEIPC-SEIMC) y al Grupo de trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la SEMICYUC (GTEI- SEMICYUC) se han reunido con el objetivo de elaborar un documento de consenso, basado en la evidencia científica, que recoge las recomendaciones para el tratamiento antibiótico de las infecciones graves causadas por cocos grampositivos en el paciente crítico y que ayude en la toma de decisiones asistenciales


In recent years, an increment of infections caused by gram-positive cocci has been documented in nosocomial and hospital-acquired infections. In diverse countries, a rapid development of resistance to common antibiotics against gram-positive cocci has been observed. This situation is exceptional in Spain but our country might be affected in the near future. New antimicrobials active against these multi-drug resistant pathogens are nowadays available. It is essential to improve our current knowledge about pharmacokinetic properties of traditional and new antimicrobials to maximize its effectiveness and to minimize toxicity. These issues are even more important in critically ill patients because inadequate empirical therapy is associated with therapeutic failure and a poor outcome. Experts representing two scientific societies (Grupo de estudio de Infecciones en el Paciente Critico de la SEIMC and Grupo de trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la SEMICYUC) have elaborated a consensus document based on the current scientific evidence to summarize recommendations for the treatment of serious infections caused by gram-positive cocci in critically ill patients


Subject(s)
Humans , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Gram-Positive Cocci/pathogenicity , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Drug Resistance , Evidence-Based Medicine/methods , Critical Illness/therapy , Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Cross Infection/drug therapy , Bacteremia/drug therapy
5.
Farm Hosp ; 31(6): 353-69, 2007.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18348666

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: In recent years there has been an increase in infections caused by gram-positive cocci in critical patients, together with a rapid development of resistance to the antibiotics which are normally used to treat them. The objective is to prepare an antibiotic treatment guide for the most common infections caused by gram positive cocci in critical patients. This guide will help in the decision-making process regarding the care of such patients. METHOD: Experts from two scientific societies worked together to prepare a consensus document. They were members of the Study Group on Infections in Critical Patients (GEIPC), which is part of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), and the Infectious Diseases Working Group (GTEI), belonging to the Spanish Society of Intensive Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC). There was a systematic review of the literature published up to September 2006 regarding this type of infections and the antibiotic treatments marketed to that date. An evidence grading system was applied according to the strength of the recommendation (categories A, B or C) and the level of evidence (categories I, II or III). Recommendations were given if there was consensus among the experts from both societies. RESULTS: The antibiotic regimens recommended for treating infections caused by gram-positive cocci were presented in the form of tables, showing the recommendation grade. Alternatives were given for allergic patients. The scientific basis supporting the aforementioned recommendations is explained within the text and the references upon which they are based are cited. CONCLUSIONS: A summary of an evidence-based practical guide for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive cocci in critical patients is presented.


Subject(s)
Critical Illness , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy , Cross Infection/prevention & control , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/complications , Humans , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/drug therapy , Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Streptococcal Infections/complications , Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification
6.
Med. intensiva (Madr., Ed. impr.) ; 29(1): 1-12, ene. 2005. tab, graf
Article in Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-036706

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Identificar las tasas nacionales de las infecciones hospitalarias adquiridas en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) relacionadas con instrumentalización, correspondientes al año 2002, así como conocer sus etiologías y la evolución de las resistencias de aquellos microorganismos más prevalentes. Diseño. Estudio de serie de casos, observacional y prospectivo. Ambito. 85 UCI, servicios o unidades de Cuidados Intensivos u otras unidades en donde se ingresan pacientes críticos, pertenecientes a 80 hospitales distintos. Pacientes y métodos. Se han incluido de forma continuada los pacientes ingresados durante más de 24 horas en las UCI participantes, que fueron seguidos hasta su alta de UCI o hasta un máximo de 30 días. Las infecciones objeto de vigilancia han sido: neumonías relacionadas con ventilación mecánica (N-VM), infecciones urinarias relacionadas con sonda uretral (IU-SU), bacteriemias primarias (BP) y relacionadas con catéteres vasculares (B-CVC) y bacteriemias secundarias. Resultados. Se han incluido 6.868 pacientes. En 684 (10%) pacientes se han detectado 1.019 infecciones, 445 N-VM (43,7%), 229 IU-SU (22,5%), 100 BP (9,8%), 135 B-CVC (13,2%) y 110 bacteriemias secundarias (10,8%). Las densidades de incidencia en relación con los días de exposición al factor de riesgo han sido 18,0 N-VM por 1.000 días de ventilación mecánica, 6,0 IU-SU por 1.000 días de sonda uretral y 4,5 BP-CVC por 1.000 días de catéter venoso central. La etiología predominante en las N-VM precoces ha sido Staphylococcus aureus sensible a meticilina y Haemophilus influenzae y en las N-VM tardías Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Acinetobacter baumannii. Las IU-SU han estado originadas predominantemente por Escherichia coli y Enterococcus faecalis y las BP-CVC por Staphylococcus epidermidis y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo. Entre los marcadores de resistencia destacan por su frecuencia: P. aeruginosa resistente a imipenem-cilastatina (34,7%) y a ceftazidima (29,5%), S. aureus resistente a meticilina (35,3%), A. baumannii resistente a imipenem (33,9%) y E. coli resistente a ciprofloxacino (20,0%). No se ha detectado ninguna cepa de Enterococcus spp. o de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a vancomicina. Conclusiones. Se han identificado, para el año 2002, las tasas nacionales de las infecciones nosocomiales relacionadas con ventilación mecánica, sonda uretral y catéter venoso central, así como los agentes patógenos que predominan en cada una de ellas y el estado de los marcadores de multirresistencia


Objective. To identify national rates of hospital-acquired infections acquired in ICUs and related to instrumentalization, corresponding to the year 2002, as well as to define their etiologies and the evolution of the resistances of more prevalent microorganisms. Design. A study of cases series, observational and prospective.Context. Eighty five ICUs, Intensive Care Units departments, or other units where critical patients are admitted, from 80 different hospitals.Patients and methods. Patients included were consecutively admitted during more than 24 hours in the participating ICUs, with follow-up to their discharge of ICU or until 30 days post-admission. Infections evaluated were: respirator-associated pneumonias (RAM), urinary tract infections secondary to urethral catheter (UTI), primary bacteremias (PB) and bacteremias related to vascular catheters (BCVC), and secondary bacteremias. Results. 6,868 admitted patients were included. In 684 (10%) patients 1,019 infections were detected, 445 RAM (43.7%), 229 UTI (22.5%), 100 PB (9.8%), 135 BCVC (13.2%) and 110 secondary bacteremias (10.8%). The incidence-density with regard to the days of exposure to the risk factor were 18.0 RAM for 1,000 days of respirator, 6.0 UTI for 1,000 days of urethral catheter, and 4.5 BCVC for 1,000 days of central venous catheter. Predominant etiologies in early RAM were methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae, and in late RAM were Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were the predominant etiology in UTI, and Staphylococcus epidermidis and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in BCVC. Among the resistance markers pointed out because of their frequency: P. aeruginosa resistant to imipenem-cilastatin (34.7%) and to ceftazidime (29.5%); S. aureus resistant to methicillin (35.3%); A. baumannii resistant to imipenem (33.9%), and E. coli resistant to ciprofloxacin (20.0%). No Enterococcus spp. or Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to vancomycin were detected. Conclusions. In this study we have been identified for the year 2002 the national rates of hospital-acquired infections related to respirator, urethral catheter, and central venous catheter, as well as the pathogens that predominate in each one and the state of the markers of multiple resistance


Subject(s)
Humans , Cross Infection/etiology , Cross Infection/parasitology , Pneumonia , Bacteremia , Intensive Care Units , Spain
7.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med ; 158(3): 908-16, 1998 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9731025

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the effect of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and its associated morbidity and cost in a mixed population of intubated patients. Two hundred seventy-one consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICUs) of five teaching hospitals and who had an expected need for intubation exceeding 48 h were enrolled and received topical antibiotics or placebo. Uninfected patients additionally received ceftriaxone or placebo for 3 d. VAP occurred in 11.4% of SDD-treated and 29.3% of control-group patients (p < 0.001; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.8 to 27.9). The incidence of nonrespiratory infections in the two groups was 19.1% and 30.7%, respectively (p = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.7 to 22.7). Among survivors, the median length of ICU stay was 11 d (interquartile range: 7 to 21.5 d) for the SDD-treated group and 16. 5 d (10 to 30 d) for the control group (p = 0.006). Mean cost per survivor was $11,926 for treated and $16,296 for control-group patients. Mortality was 38.9% and 47.1%, respectively (p = 0.57). In decontaminated patients, the prevalence of gram-negative bacilli fell within 7 d from 47.4% to 13.0% (p < 0.001), whereas colonization with resistant gram-positive strains was higher (p < 0. 05) than in the placebo group. In a mixed population of intubated patients, SDD was associated with a significant reduction of morbidity at a reduced cost. Our findings support the use of SDD in this high-risk group.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/drug effects , Critical Illness , Digestive System/microbiology , Drug Therapy, Combination/therapeutic use , Intubation, Intratracheal , Oropharynx/microbiology , Bacterial Infections/prevention & control , Cause of Death , Ceftriaxone/therapeutic use , Cephalosporins/therapeutic use , Colony Count, Microbial , Confidence Intervals , Critical Care , Double-Blind Method , Drug Therapy, Combination/economics , Female , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects , Health Care Costs , Humans , Incidence , Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects , Length of Stay , Male , Middle Aged , Placebos , Pneumonia, Bacterial/etiology , Pneumonia, Bacterial/prevention & control , Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects , Survival Rate
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