Estatus taxonómico de Talides basistrigata Eaton, 1932 (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) y su reincorporación basados en una evaluación integrativa

Talides basistrigata Eaton, 1932, originalmente descrita de Perú, posteriormente fue transferida por Evans (1955) al género Hylephila Billberg, 1820, y considerada como una subespecie de H. phyleus (Drury, 1773), argumentando que basistrigata ocurre en ambientes más secos que los que habita phyleus. Actualmente se mantiene el rango taxonómico propuesto por Evans. El objetivo del presente trabajo es restituir el estatus taxonómico de especie válida para basistrigata con base en un análisis integrativo considerando aspectos morfológicos, ecológicos y genéticos. Se examinó las estructuras genitálicas en ejemplares de basistrigata y phyleus, se obtuvo secuencias del gen mitocondrial COI para ambas especies y se recopiló datos en campo para conocer su comportamiento de oviposición en los alrededores de Arequipa, suroeste de Perú. Como resultado del examen morfológico se halló diferencias notorias entre las estructuras genitálicas de ambas especies, principalmente en los procesos caudales de las valvas, la disposición de las pectinas y la forma del uncus en los machos. Con relación al análisis genético, se halló una distancia genética mayor a 3% entre ambas especies, apoyando así el estatus taxonómico de especie para basistrigata. Adicionalmente, desde una perspectiva ecológica, se registró que ambas especies utilizan distintos mecanismos de oviposición y diferentes plantas hospederas, exhibiendo además simpatría espacial y sincronía temporal en la vertiente occidental de los Andes en Perú. Se redescribe el macho y hembra adultos de basistrigata y se designa su lectotipo.

Talides basistrigata Eaton, 1932, originally described from Peru, was subsequently transferred to the genus Hylephila Billberg, 1820 by Evans (1955) and considered a subspecies of H. phyleus (Drury, 1773), arguing that basistrigata inhabits drier environments than phyleus. Currently, the taxonomic status proposed by Evans is retained. The aim of this study is to reinstate the taxonomic status of valid species for basistrigata based on an integrative analysis considering morphological, ecological, and genetic aspects. Genitalic structures were examined in specimens of both basistrigata and phyleus, mitochondrial COI gene sequences were obtained for both species, and field data were collected to understand their oviposition behaviour in the vicinity of Arequipa city, southwestern Peru. As a result of the morphological examination, notable differences were found between the male genitalia structures of both species, primarily in the caudal processes of the valvae, the arrangement of the pectines, and the shape of the uncus. Regarding the genetic analysis, a genetic distance of greater than 3% was observed between the two species, thus supporting the taxonomic status of species for basistrigata. Additionally, from an ecological perspective, it was recorded that both species employ distinct oviposition mechanisms and different host plants, exhibiting spatial sympatry and temporal synchrony on the western slope of the Andes in Peru. Male and female adults of basistrigata are redescribed, and a lectotype is designated.

Considerations on the Systematics of Neotropical Pierina, with the Description of Two New Species of Phulia Herrich-Schäffer from the Peruvian Andes (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Pierinae, Pierini).

A comparative analysis of high-Andean Pierina was carried out, including a total of 25 species. Based on morphological evidence, with an emphasis on venation and genitalia and molecular data, using three genetic markers, we confirm the recent subjective synonymy of the generic names Tatochila Butler, 1870, Piercolias, Staudinger, 1894, Hypsochila Ureta, 1955, Infraphulia Field, 1958, Pierphulia Field, 1958, and Theochila Field, 1958 with Phulia Herrich-Schäffer, 1867. Two new species are described, namely Phulia stoddardi Pyrcz & Cerdeña n. sp., from the Andes of Central Peru, which occurs at an unusually high altitude of close to 5000 m a.s.l. in dry puna habitat, and Phulia phantasma Lamas, Willmott & Boyer n. sp., from dry montane forests in northern Peru and southern Ecuador. An overview of high-elevation butterflies is presented, with some discussion on adaptations to this environment.

Host Plant Variation and Lack of Genetic Differentiation in Populations of Dione (Agraulis) dodona Lamas & Farfán (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).

Dione (Agraulis) dodona (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) is a butterfly restricted to the western slopes of the Andes of Peru and Chile and is associated with Malesherbia tenuifolia in xerophytic environments. In this study, we found six additional species of host plants for D. (A.) dodona belonging to the genus Malesherbia (Passifloraceae). We used mitochondrial DNA sequences (COI) and microsatellites to screen genetic variation and investigate population structure in six geographic disjointed populations of D. (A.) dodona associated with distinct Malesherbia species. The PCoA analysis based on allele frequencies evidenced a lack of differentiation among populations and a low FST. The Bayesian cluster analyses revealed the existence of three genetically distinct groups, but almost all individuals present an admixture ancestry. An absence of isolation by distance pattern was observed. Possible scenarios are discussed: a bottleneck or recent colonization from interconnected populations from the south, and ongoing gene flow among local populations by high dispersal through a landscape formed of isolated populations of Malesherbia.

A peculiar new species of Dione (Agraulis) Boisduval & Le Conte (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) associated with Malesherbia Ruiz & Pavón (Passifloraceae) in xeric western slopes of the Andes.

Butterflies associated with xerophytic environments of the Andes have been little studied, and they exhibit high levels of endemism. Herein Dione (Agraulis) dodona Lamas & Farfán, sp. nov. (Nymphalidae; Heliconiinae) is described, distributed on the western slopes of the Andes of Peru and northern Chile, between 800 and 3,000 m elevation. Adults of both sexes, and the immature stages, are described and illustrated based on light and scanning electron microscopy. The immature stages are associated with MalesherbiatenuifoliaD. Don (Passifloraceae) found in xeric environments, representing a new record of this genus as a host plant for the subfamily Heliconiinae. Conspicuous morphological differences are presented for all stages at the generic level. Based on a phylogenetic analysis of the COI barcode mitochondrial gene fragment, D. (A.) dodona Lamas & Farfán, sp. nov. is distinguished as an independent lineage within the Agraulis clade of Dione, with ca. 5% difference to congeneric species.

An Endemic and Endangered New Species of the Lizard Liolaemus montanus Group from Southwestern Peru (Iguania: Liolaemidae), with a Key for the Species of the L. reichei Clade.

The southwestern Andes of Peru harbor a hidden taxonomic diversity of reptiles. We describe a new species of Liolaemus Wiegmann (Iguania: Liolaemidae) from xerophytic environments of the southwestern slopes of the Andes of Peru, 2,400-2,900 m asl. The new species, previously considered to be a population of L. insolitus Cei, exhibits unique diagnostic characters of morphology, scalation and color pattern, and molecular evidence that suggest that it belongs in the Liolaemus montanus species group and the L. reichei clade. Moreover, the species is endemic to the eastern slopes of La Caldera batholith in the Department of Arequipa, southern Peru. We also provide information on the conservation status of the species and suggest it be included in the IUCN red list of the threatened species as endangered (EN). A key for the species of the L. reichei clade is provided.

A new species of Podanotum Torres & Johnson, 1996 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from northern Peru / Una nueva especie de Podanotum Torres & Johnson, 1996 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) en el norte de Perú

Abstract We describe a new species of the genus Podanotum Torres & Johnson, 1996, Podanotum pajaten Farfán, Cerdeña & Bálint sp. nov. from northern Peru, associated with the Andean treeline ecotone adjacent to cloud forest and wet grassland at 3200 m above sea level. Description of this new species is based on one female adult and is distinguishable from its congeners by the combination of the following morphological characters: dorsal wing pale blue, forewing discoidal line present on ventral side, hindwing tailed, and ostium bursae distally toothed. Podanotum pajaten sp. nov. is separated geographically from the closest spatial species, P. glorissimum Bálint & Wojtusiak, 2002, by approximately 100 km to the south, and represents the second species described for Peru. An identification key to all known species of Podanotum is provided, stating their distributions by country.

Resumen Se describe una nueva especie del género Podanotum Torres & Johnson, 1996, Podanotum pajaten Farfán, Cerdeña & Bálint sp. nov. del norte de Perú, asociada al ecotono andino entre bosque nublado y pastizal húmedo a 3,200 metros de altitud. La descripción de esta nueva especie está basada en una hembra adulta que se distingue de sus congéneres por la combinación de los siguientes caracteres morfológicos: vista dorsal de las alas de color azul pálido, línea postdiscal del ala anterior presente en vista ventral, cola corta en ala posterior, y parte distal del ostium bursae dentada. Podanotum pajaten sp. nov. está separada geográficamente de la especie espacialmente más cercana, P. glorissimum Bálint & Wojtusiak, 2002, por aproximadamente 100 km hacia el sur, y representa la segunda especie descrita de Perú. Una clave de identificación es presentada para todas las especies conocidas de Podanotum, con indicación de los países de ocurrencia.

Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical Lycaenidae: taxonomy of Johnsonita/ Salazar amp; Constantino, 1995 with descriptions of seven new species (Theclinae: Eumaeini).

The Transandean-Andean genus Johnsonita Salazar Constantino, 1995 is revised on the basis of wing and genitalia morphology. Apart from eight species formerly placed in Johnsonita (Thecla assula Draudt, 1919; Thecla auda Hewitson, 1867; Thecla catadupa Hewitson, 1869; Thecla chaluma Schaus, 1902, Thecla chlamydem Druce, 1907; Thecla pardoa d'Abrera, 1995; Johnsonita johnsoni Salazar Constantino, 1995 and Johnsonita johnbanksi Bálint, 2003), seven new species are described: Johnsonita carpia Bálint, Boyer Pyrcz, sp. n. (Ecuador), Johnsonita iacinta Bálint, Boyer Pyrcz, sp. n. (Peru), Johnsonita ianusca Bálint, Lorenc-Brudecka Pyrcz, sp. n. (Ecuador), Johnsonita oxalida Bálint, Boyer Pyrcz, sp. n. (Peru), Johnsonita subcunicula Bálint, Cerdeña Pyrcz, sp. n. (Peru), Johnsonita turquisca Bálint, Boyer Pyrcz, sp. n. (Ecuador) and Johnsonita zubkova Bálint, Boyer Lorenc-Brudecka, sp. n. (Peru). One species, erroneously recorded from Bolivia under the name Thecla chaluma Schaus, 1902, is not formally described due to insufficient material. An identification key, type material revision, descriptions or redescriptions, and diagnosis for all the taxa recognized are given. Lectotypes for the nominal species Thecla assula Draudt, 1919 and Thecla chlamydem Druce, 1907 are designated. Male secondary wing characters are tabulated. A brief discussion on classification, life-history and male secondary characters of Johnsonita is presented.

Avispas parasitoides Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) del departamento de Arequipa, Perú / Parasitoid wasps Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Arequipa Department, Perú

Resumen Se determinó la riqueza y composición de especies de avispas parasitoides nocturnas de la subfamilia Ophioninae en el departamento de Arequipa. Se evaluaron 16 localidades, a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal que va desde el nivel del mar hasta los 4300 m; en cada localidad se realizaron colectas en los meses de marzo y mayo del 2018. Para la evaluación se emplearon trampas de luz. Se registraron 8 especies y 15 morfoespecies correspondientes a los géneros: Alophophion, Enicospilus, Eremotylus y Ophion. La mayor riqueza de Ophioninae se encontró a 3300 m (S = 8). Los géneros Alophophion y Ophion fueron más abundantes en las localidades sobre los 2000 m, Enicospilus fue más abundante en las localidades que se encontraban por debajo de los 1000 m, y Eremotylus solo se registró en una localidad a los 2300 m.

Abstract The species richness and composition of nocturnal parasitoid wasps Ophioninae subfamily in the Arequipa department was determined. Sixteen localities were evaluated along an altitude gradient that goes from sea level up to 4300 m; in each locality, collections were done in March and May 2018. Light traps were used for the evaluation. A total of 15 morphospecies and 8 species corresponding to the genera: Alophophion, Enicospilus, Eremotylus, and Ophion were registered. The highest richness of Ophioninae was found at 3300 m (S = 8). The genera Alophophion and Ophion were more abundant at medium to high elevations, Enicospilus was more abundant at low altitude localities, and Eremotylus was only recorded in a medium altitude locality.

Estudio preliminar de los Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) del departamento de Arequipa, Perú / Preliminary study of the Arctiinae (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) from Arequipa, Peru

Resumen Se presenta una lista preliminar y la diagnosis de las especies de Arctiinae de Arequipa. Se propone a Amastus pallescens como nuevo sinónimo de Amastus cellularis. Por primera vez se da a conocer la hembra de A. cellularis. Se revalida la especie Magnoptera watsoni, que fue sinonímizada hace pocos años con Amastus walkeri. Se recolectó durante el 2017-2018, en 16 estaciones de evaluación que comprendieron 4 rangos altitudinales: 0-1500, 1500-2500, 2500-3500, 3500-4500 m.

Abstract A preliminary list and diagnosis of the Arctiinae species of Arequipa is presented. It is proposed that Amastus pallescens is a new synonym of Amastus cellularis. The female of A. cellularis is reported for the first time. The Magnoptera watsoni species was revalidated, which was synonimized a few years ago with Amastus walkeri. It was collected during 2017-2018, in 16 evaluation stations that included 4 altitudinal ranges: 0-1500, 1500-2500, 2500-3500, 3500-4500 m.

Phyllocnistis furcata sp. nov.: a new species of leaf-miner associated with Baccharis (Asteraceae) from Southern Peru (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae).

The southwestern Andes of Peru harbors a hidden taxonomic diversity of Lepidoptera. Here a new leaf-mining species of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) is described, Phyllocnistis furcata Vargas & Cerdeña, sp. nov., from a dry Andean valley of southern Peru, at 2400 m above sea level. The morphological aspects of adults (male and female) and the immature stages associated with Baccharis alnifolia Meyen & Walp. (Asteraceae) are given, under optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. DNA barcodes show that its nearest neighbor is the Atlantic Forest species Phyllocnistis ourea Brito & Moreira, 2017 that feeds on Baccharis anomala DC. The importance of morphological characters from immature stages for diagnosis among congeneric species is also discussed. Phyllocnistis furcata represents the fourth species of Phyllocnistis Zeller for Peru, and first record from the south of Peru for the genus.

Cryptic Diversity in the Monotypic Neotropical Micromoth Genus Angelabella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in the Peru-Chile Desert.

Angelabella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Oecophyllembiinae) is considered a monotypic Neotropical genus of leaf miner micromoths known only from a few valleys of the arid environments of the Peru-Chile desert, particularly the southernmost part of Peru and northernmost part of Chile (type locality), where natural populations of its primary host plant occur. The geographic distribution of potential host plants provides a scenario for a wider range for this micromoth genus. The aims of this study were to explore the geographic range of Angelabella, determine the spatial distribution of mitochondrial lineages, and test lineage conspecificity hypotheses. The spatial distribution of genetic diversity indicated the presence of four spatial clusters, three of which are north of the previously known geographic range. Genetic distances were 0.2-0.8% and 3.6-8.3% (K2P) between haplotypes of the same and different spatial clusters, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships indicated reciprocal monophyly among the four spatial clusters, suggesting that allopatric differentiation processes have governed the recent history of Angelabella in these arid environments. These groups were defined as different species by four species delimitation methods, suggesting that Angelabella is not a monotypic genus, but harbors at least four morphologically cryptic allopatric species with restricted geographic ranges, including the type species and three candidate species.

A new species of Mathania Oberthür, 1890 from Peru (Lepidoptera, Pieridae).

A new species of the genus Mathania Oberthür, 1890, M. hughesi Lamas, Farfán Cerdeña, sp. n. is described from the southwestern slopes of the Andes of Peru, associated with xerophytic environments, between 2300 and 3500 m elevation. This new species is distinguishable from its congeners by the following external character: a black band on forewing dorsal surface at the end of the discal cell, extending from the costal margin to the base of cell M3-CuA1. Adults and male and female genitalia are illustrated and compared to other species of Mathania. In addition, we report Ligaria cuneifolia (R. et P.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae) as host plant of M. hughesi.

Systematic revision of the Andean butterfly genus Orophila Staudinger, 1886 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Biblidinae).

A systematic review of the Neotropical butterfly genus Orophila Staudinger, 1886 based on morphological characters and geographical distribution is presented. Four species are recognized: O. campaspe (Hewitson, 1869) stat. rest., O. cardases (Hewitson, 1869), O. cecidas (Hewitson, 1869) stat. rest. and O. diotima (Hewitson, 1852). Other changes proposed include treating Orophila diotima footei (Lamas, 2003) syn. n. and O. cardases zurita (Fruhstorfer, 1916) syn. n. as synonyms of other taxa. Illustrations of adult males and male genitalia of all taxa are presented and the importance of morphological characters in both males and females is evaluated. Female specimens and genitalia are illustrated for the first time for O. c. cardases, O. cecidas and O. diotima. Lectotypes are designated for two nominal taxa.

Mariposas altoandinas del sur del Perú: I. Satyrinae de la puna xerofítica, con la descripción de dos nuevos taxones y tres nuevos registros para Perú (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Se presenta la primera parte de una serie de contribuciones al conocimiento de las mariposas que habitan la zona altoandina en el sur del Perú. En el presente trabajo se revisan las especies de mariposas de la subfamilia Satyrinae presentes en la puna xerofítica de Perú. Se describen una nueva especie, Pampasatyrus gorkyi sp. nov., y una nueva subespecie, Argyrophorus lamna cuzcoensis ssp. nov., del departamento de Cusco, Perú. Se confirma por primera vez para Perú las especies Argyrophorus gustavi Staudinger, Faunula euripides (Weymer) y Faunula eleates (Weymer), anteriormente reportadas de Chile y Bolivia. Se suministran comentarios ecológicos y biogeográficos.

This is the first part of a series of contributions to the knowledge of the high Andean butterfly fauna in southern Peru. In this work the butterfly species of the subfamily Satyrinae present in the dry puna of Peru are reviewed. A new species, Pampasatyrus gorkyi sp. nov. and a new subspecies Argyrophorus lamna cuzcoensis ssp. nov. are described from the department Cusco, Peru. Three species are recorded for the first time for Peru, Argyrophorus gustavi Staudinger, Faunula euripides (Weymer) and Faunula eleates (Weymer) previously reported from Chile and Bolivia. Ecological and biogeographical data are provided.

Nueva especie de Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) para Perú: Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898)

Se registra por primera vez para Perú al raro hespérido Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), previamente citado de Ecuador y Bolivia

The rare skipper Dalla granites (Mabille, 1898) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), previously cited from Ecuador and Bolivia is reported for the first time in Peru

Two new butterfly records for Peru: Orophila cardases cardases and Pedaliodes garlaczi (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

We report to Peru, for the first time, two butterfly species, Orophila cardases cardases (Hewitson, 1869) and Pedaliodes garlaczi Pyrcz & Cerdeña, 2013, based on specimens collected in the Tabaconas-Namballe National Sanctuary and neighboring areas

Se registra por primera vez la presencia en Perú de las especies Orophila cardases cardases (Hewitson, 1869) y Pedaliodes garlaczi Pyrcz & Cerdeña, 2013, con base en especimenes recolectados en el Santuario Nacional Tabaconas-Namballe y áreas adyacentes

[Pentalogy of Cantrell. A case report]. / Pentalogía de Cantrell. A propósito de un caso.

Ectopia cordis is an extremely rare cardiac anomaly. The heart is localized partially or totally outside the thorax cavity. This anomaly occurs as an isolated defect or combined with others midline defects. Cantrell and colleagues described, in 1958, a syndrome including defects of the abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium and heart. There are few successful surgical cases with this pentalogy. We describe a case with this Cantrell's pentalogy. The cardiac malformation was a univentricular heart with pulmonary stenosis. The patient underwent successful surgical palliation with a systemic-to-pulmonary anastomosis and uneventful recovering.

Pentalogía de Cantrell. A propósito de un caso / Pentalogy of Cantrell. A case report

Ectopia cordis is an extremely rare cardiac anomaly. The heart is localized partially or totally outside the thorax cavity. This anomaly occurs as an isolated defect or combined with others midline defects. Cantrell and colleagues described, in 1958, a syndrome including defects of the abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium and heart. There are few successful surgical cases with this pentalogy. We describe a case with this Cantrell's pentalogy. The cardiac malformation was a univentricular heart with pulmonary stenosis. The patient underwent successful surgical palliation with a systemic-to-pulmonary anastomosis and uneventful recovering.