Nuevo signo de la repolarización ventricular en el plano frontal para predecir disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda / Novel sign of frontal plane ventricular repolarization to predict left ventricular systolic dysfunction

RESUMEN Objetivo: Distintas alteraciones del electrocardiograma (ECG) han sido asociadas a disfunción sistólica ventricular izquierda (DSVI), si bien la asociación con el infradesnivel del segmento ST (IST) del plano frontal del ECG estándar no se encuentra establecida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar si el IST de la derivación DI (IST-1) permite predecir la presencia de DSVI. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron de forma prospectiva pacientes portadores factores de riesgo o cardiopatías crónicas estables, con ECG basal y ecocardiograma que aportara evaluación de la fracción de eyección (FEVI), motilidad ventricular izquierda y evaluación dicotómica sobre la presencia de hipertrofia ventricular izquierda (HVI). Evaluamos la morfología del segmento ST en derivaciones DI y V6, definiéndose como anormal (IST-1; IST-6) al ST infradesnivelado (≥1mm a 80mseg del punto J) o descendente. Resultados: Se analizaron en forma prospectiva 691 pacientes, edad media 69,8 ± 12 años, 61,6% hombres. Se identificó IST-1 e IST-6 en 250 (36,2%) y 199 (28,8%) casos, respectivamente. La presencia de IST-1 e IST-6 se asoció a una FEVI significativamente menor comparado con la ausencia de dicho hallazgo: 44,8 ± 13,9% vs. 55,6 ± 8,9%, (p <0,0001) y 45,8 ± 14,1% vs. 54,1 ± 10,4% (p <0,0001) respectivamente. Ambos se asociaron a la presencia de DSVI, definida como FEVI <50%, aunque el IST-1 mostró mejor rendimiento diagnóstico que el IST-6 [área bajo la curva 0,72 (IC 95% 0,69-0,76) vs. 0,64 (IC 95% 0,610,68), p = 0,0001]. Conclusiones: Este estudio mostró que la depresión del segmento ST de la derivación DI permite predecir la presencia de DSVI mejor que IST-6. La potencial relevancia de dichos hallazgos debería situarse en el contexto actual de la emergente utilización de dispositivos wearables que analizan la información electrocardiográfica mediante una única derivación.

ABSTRACT Background: Different electrocardiographic abnormalities have been associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), although the association with standard electrocardiographic frontal plane ST-segment depression (STD) has not been established. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether lead I STD (STD-I) allows predicting the presence of LVSD. Methods: Patients with risk factors or stable chronic heart disease, and baseline electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram that provided evaluation of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular wall motility, and dichotomous evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), were prospectively included in the study. ST-segment morphology in leads I and V6 was evaluated, defining horizontal (≥1mm at 80 ms from the J point) or downsloping STD as abnormal STD-I and STD-6. Results: A total of 691 patients; with mean age of 69.8 ± 12 years and 61.6% men, were prospectively analyzed. STD-I and STD-6 were identified in 250 (36.2%) and 199 (28.8%) cases, respectively. Presence of STD-I and STD-6 was associated with a significantly lower LVEF compared with the absence of this finding: 44.8 ± 13.9% vs. 55.6 ± 8.9% (p <0.0001) and 45.8 ± 14.1% vs. 54.1±10.4% (p <0.0001), respectively. Both were associated with the presence of LVSD, defined as LVEF <50%, although STD-I showed better diagnostic performance than STD-6 [area under the ROC curve 0.72 (95% CI 0.69-0.76) vs. 0.64 (95% CI 0.61-0.68), p = 0.0001]. Conclusions: This study showed that STD-I predicts the presence of LVSD better than STD-6. The potential relevance of these findings should be placed in the current context of the emerging use of wearable devices that analyze electrocardiographic information through a single lead.

Evaluación del score de calcio coronario y valvular aórtico mediante TC de tórax no gatillada de baja dosis / Coronary and aortic valve calcium score assessment using low-dose non-gated chest CT

RESUMEN Introducción: El score de calcio coronario (SCC) es una herramienta de prevención subutilizada, en parte debido a su elevado costo, que no debería diferir del de una tomografía computarizada (TC) de tórax. El SCC puede ser evaluado mediante una TC de tórax convencional, generalmente utilizando escalas visuales o semicuantitativas, y con valor pronóstico similar al gatillado. Material y métodos: En este estudio observacional retrospectivo, incluimos pacientes (n = 35) en quienes se realizó dentro de la misma internación una TC de tórax no gatillada de baja dosis y un SCC gatillado. Resultados: Identificamos una buena concordancia entre los métodos tanto en su valoración cualitativa como cuantitativa, con una media de 3,86 ± 0,7 segmentos con calcificaciones arteriales coronarias mediante SCC gatillado, comparado con 3,79 ± 0,6 segmentos mediante TC de tórax no gatillada de baja dosis (coeficiente de correlación de concordancia 0,98 [IC 95% 0,95-0,99]) y una subestimación del SCC evaluado mediante unidades Agatston del 9,8 %. Conclusión: En este estudio, demostramos que el SCC podría ser evaluado con precisión de forma tanto cualitativa como cuantitativa mediante estudios de TC de tórax no gatillada de baja dosis.

ABSTRACT Background: Coronary calcium scoring (CCS) is an underused prevention tool, possibly due to its high cost, which should not differ from a chest computed tomography (CT) scan. CCS can be assessed using conventional chest CT, generally through a visual or semiquantitative approach, and with a similar prognostic value compared to ECG-gated CCS. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we included patients (n = 35) who underwent a low-dose non-gated chest CT (LDCT) and an ECG-gated CCS within the same hospitalization. Results: We identified a good agreement between techniques both in their qualitative and quantitative assessment, with a mean of 3.86 ± 0.7 segments with calcifications by ECG-gated compared to 3.79 ± 0.6 segments by LDCT (concordance correlation coefficient 0.98 (95% CI 0.95-0.99), and a 9.8% underestimation of the Agatston score. Conclusions: In this study, we showed that the CCS might be accurately assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively by LDCT studies.

Evaluation of piglet birth weight on growth performance and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of carcasses of immunocastrated pigs

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of birth weight on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of immunocastrated male pigs. Seventy-two boars were assigned to three birth weight categories (BiW): light BiW pigs (LP: 0.98±0.083 kg BW; n = 24), normal BiW pigs (NP: 1.42±0.067 kg BW; n = 24), and heavy BiW pigs (HP: 1.85±0.096 kg BW; n = 24). For treatment design, we considered a weight range of two standard deviations (SD) in relation to the average population body weight (from 0.785 to 2.155 kg BW−1 ). The animals were housed in six pens with 12 animals per pen, with ad libitum access to water and feed throughout the study. In the growing and finishing phases, pigs were immunocastrated with two doses of vaccine at 112 and 161 days of age. The three BiW categories were different up to departure from the nursery (70 days). After this period, there was no difference between NP and HP in terms of BiW. Measurements showed that a low BiW reduced the loin eye area (9.4%), longissimus thoracis muscle depth (7.6%), and meat:fat ratio (21.6%). Backfat thickness (21.5%) and fat area (11.8%) were higher in LP as compared with the NP and HP categories. Light BiW pigs presented a lower weight steak (7.0%) and belly + rib (8.6%) compared with NP and HP, but did not differ within the LP group. Light BiW pigs required a greater lodging time (14 days), generating higher accumulated feed intake to reach the same slaughter BiW as the other categories. Growth performance and carcass characteristics are influenced by the birth weight (BiW) category. Light BiW pigs require more time and feed intake to reach the same slaughter weight. Birth weight has positive effects on meat quality and weight of commercial cuts.

Utilidad de la TC espectral cardíaca para la evaluación de complicaciones trombóticas en pacientes con ataque cerebrovascular isquémico / Usefulness of Spectral Cardiac Computed Tomography for the Evaluation of Thrombotic Complications in Patients with Ischemic Stroke

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad de la angiotomografía computada (TC) espectral cardíaca en pacientes con ataque cerebrovascular isquémico (ACVi). Material y métodos: En el contexto de pandemia de COVID-19 incorporamos la utilización de la TC espectral cardíaca en pacientes con ACVi para descartar en una única sesión, tanto fuentes cardioembólicas (FCE) como la presencia de complicaciones trombóticas o daño miocárdico. A partir de julio de 2020 incorporamos una adquisición tardía a las TC cardíacas en contexto de ACVi. Se presentan cuatro casos representativos sobre su utilidad y hallazgos cardiovasculares. Resultados: Se presentan cuatro casos registrados en un lapso de 40 días. Dos pacientes con FCE (aorta y orejuela izquierda) y dos con ACVi de origen indeterminado donde se evidenció miocardiopatía (isquémica y no isquémica). Conclusiones: En el contexto del ACVi, la TC espectral cardíaca, que incluía adquisición tardía, permitiría, eventualmente, descartar la presencia de FCE e identificar la etiología subyacente.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of spectral cardiac computed tomography (CT) angiography in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: In the setting of COVID-19 pandemic, we incorporated the use of spectral cardiac CT in patients with ischemic stroke to rule out the presence of cardioembolic sources, thrombotic complications or myocardial damage in a single session. Since July 2020, a delayed-phase image acquisition was incorporated to cardiac CT scans in the context of ischemic stroke. We describe four representative cases of the usefulness of the method and the cardiovascular findings. Results: We present four cases recorded recorded within a 40-day period. Two patients with patients with cardioembolic source (aorta and left atrial appendage) and two with ischemic stroke of undetermined source with evidence of cardiomyopathy (ischemic and non-ischemic). Conclusions: In the setting of ischemic stroke, spectral cardiac CT with delayed acquisition could be useful to rule out the presence of cardioembolic sources and identify the underlying etiology.

Intervalos de coletas de sêmen em reprodutores suínos no início da vida reprodutiva: avaliação dos parâmetros seminais / Intervals of semen collection from boars during early reproductive life: evaluation of seminal fluid parameters

Background: In swine production, good reproduction rates can be achieved through genetic selection and reproductivebiotechnologies. One of these biotechnologies is artificial insemination, which contributes to disseminate genes and optimizebreeding boars, thus improving the quality of insemination doses. This study focused on evaluating the intervals betweensemen collection from boars at the beginning of their reproductive maturity vis-à-vis the viability of insemination doses.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty 9-month-old boars of the genetic lineage AGPIC 337 (Agroceres PIC) were used inthis study. The experimental design used here was completely randomized, and the randomly selected males were dividedinto four treatment groups, which were named according to the interval between semen sample collections: T1: 2 days; T2:3 days; T3: 4 days and T4: 7 days. Each treatment comprised 5 animals, and at the end of the 90 days of this study, a totalof 150 ejaculates were obtained in T1, 110 in T2, 90 in T3 and 60 in T4. The values of total motility, volume and spermconcentration of the ejaculates were evaluated, as was oxidative stress by means of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS), the latter after 0, 72, 120 and 168 h of the study. Membrane integrity was evaluated at 0, 72, 120 and 168 h usingthe eosin-nigrosin staining procedure. Sperm heat resistance was tested after 120 h, and sperm morphology after 72, 120 and168 h. Sperm concentrations differed, with T3 showing 27.04% and 29.65% higher concentrations (P < 0.05) than groupsT2 and T1, respectively. Total motility in group T4 was 0.56%, 1.98% and 3.28% higher (P < 0.05) than in T3, T2 and T1,respectively, indicating that the 7-day interval produced the best result. The heat...(AU)

Fibrous feedstuffs for the nitrogen retention of growing pigs / Contribuição dos alimentos fibrosos para a retenção de nitrogênio de suínos em crescimento

The aim of this study was to measure the nitrogen (N) balance of pigs fed with lysine-limiting diets containing practical levels of wheat bran (WB) or soybean hulls (SH). Twelve pigs with average weights of 57.36±2.01 and 72.68±3.24 kg were used in trials 1 and 2, respectively. In trial 1, treatments were CT1 - control diet and WB - diet with inclusion of 15% WB. In trial 2, CT2 - control diet and SH - diet with inclusion of 6% SH. Fibrous diets increased (P<0.05) the fecal N in 63.54 and 60.55% in relation to CT1 and CT2, respectively. The urinary N was higher (P<0.05) in pigs receiving the WB diet, but was not influenced in the trial with SH. The N retention (NRET) was higher (P>0.05) in pigs ingesting the WB diet; although, when the proportion of NRET was expressed relative to N ingested (NING) there was no difference (P>0.05) between treatments. Inclusion of SH did not affect (P>0.05) the NRET when the result was expressed in absolute or proportional terms. In conclusion, inclusion of practical levels of WB and SH does not significantly affect the metabolic costs involved with nitrogen metabolism. However, only WB was able to contribute to the N balance of pigs, while the relative amount of N added by SH was fully recovered in feces.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi medir o balanço de nitrogênio (N) de suínos alimentados com dietas limitantes em lisina contendo níveis práticos de inclusão de farelo de trigo (FT) ou casca de soja (CS). Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados com peso médio inicial de 57,36±2,01 kg e 72,68±3,24 kg nos experimentos 1 e 2, respectivamente. No experimento 1 os tratamentos foram CT1 - dieta controle, e FT - dieta com inclusão de 15% de FT. No experimento 2 CT2 - dieta controle, e CS - dieta com inclusão de 6% CS. As dietas fibrosas aumentaram (P<0,05) o N fecal em 64,54 e 60,55% em relação a CT1 e CT2, respectivamente. O N urinário foi maior (P<0,05) nos suínos que receberam a dieta FT, mas não foi afetado no experimento com CS. A retenção de N (NRET) foi maior (P<0,05) nos suínos alimentados com a dieta FT, entretanto quando a proporção do NRET foi expressa em relação ao N ingerido (NING) não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (P<0,05). A inclusão de CS não afetou (P<0,05) a NRET quando os resultados foram expressos em termos absolutos ou proporcionais. Em conclusão, a inclusão de níveis práticos de FT ou CS não afeta significativamente o custo metabólico envolvido no metabolismo de N. Entretanto, apenas o FT foi capaz de contribuir para o balanço de N dos suínos, enquanto a quantidade N relativa a adição de CS foi totalmente recuperada nas fezes.(AU)

Fibrous feedstuffs for the nitrogen retention of growing pigs / Contribuição dos alimentos fibrosos para a retenção de nitrogênio de suínos em crescimento

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to measure the nitrogen (N) balance of pigs fed with lysine-limiting diets containing practical levels of wheat bran (WB) or soybean hulls (SH). Twelve pigs with average weights of 57.36±2.01 and 72.68±3.24 kg were used in trials 1 and 2, respectively. In trial 1, treatments were CT1 - control diet and WB - diet with inclusion of 15% WB. In trial 2, CT2 - control diet and SH - diet with inclusion of 6% SH. Fibrous diets increased (P<0.05) the fecal N in 63.54 and 60.55% in relation to CT1 and CT2, respectively. The urinary N was higher (P<0.05) in pigs receiving the WB diet, but was not influenced in the trial with SH. The N retention (NRET) was higher (P>0.05) in pigs ingesting the WB diet; although, when the proportion of NRET was expressed relative to N ingested (NING) there was no difference (P>0.05) between treatments. Inclusion of SH did not affect (P>0.05) the NRET when the result was expressed in absolute or proportional terms. In conclusion, inclusion of practical levels of WB and SH does not significantly affect the metabolic costs involved with nitrogen metabolism. However, only WB was able to contribute to the N balance of pigs, while the relative amount of N added by SH was fully recovered in feces.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi medir o balanço de nitrogênio (N) de suínos alimentados com dietas limitantes em lisina contendo níveis práticos de inclusão de farelo de trigo (FT) ou casca de soja (CS). Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados com peso médio inicial de 57,36±2,01 kg e 72,68±3,24 kg nos experimentos 1 e 2, respectivamente. No experimento 1 os tratamentos foram CT1 - dieta controle, e FT - dieta com inclusão de 15% de FT. No experimento 2 CT2 - dieta controle, e CS - dieta com inclusão de 6% CS. As dietas fibrosas aumentaram (P<0,05) o N fecal em 64,54 e 60,55% em relação a CT1 e CT2, respectivamente. O N urinário foi maior (P<0,05) nos suínos que receberam a dieta FT, mas não foi afetado no experimento com CS. A retenção de N (NRET) foi maior (P<0,05) nos suínos alimentados com a dieta FT, entretanto quando a proporção do NRET foi expressa em relação ao N ingerido (NING) não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (P<0,05). A inclusão de CS não afetou (P<0,05) a NRET quando os resultados foram expressos em termos absolutos ou proporcionais. Em conclusão, a inclusão de níveis práticos de FT ou CS não afeta significativamente o custo metabólico envolvido no metabolismo de N. Entretanto, apenas o FT foi capaz de contribuir para o balanço de N dos suínos, enquanto a quantidade N relativa a adição de CS foi totalmente recuperada nas fezes.

Water disappearance dynamics in growing-finishing pig production

The objective of this study was to measure the water disappearance in the drinker and the pattern of daily water intake and estimate the amount of water wasted in pig production. The study will also generate information about the daily behaviour of water intake of pigs in the growing and finishing phases. Sixty male pigs with an average initial weight of 44.43 kg subjected to immunocastration were used. Animals received feed and water ad libitum. The animal-performance data, temperature and humidity, and feed and water intake behaviour were collected in real time during the entire experimental period, while water volume consumed was measured daily. The average water disappearance (WD) was 7.98 L, which increased during the studied period, and 29.07% of this corresponds to the estimated water wasted. The daily WD behaviour revealed an increasing pattern throughout the day for growing and finishing periods, with the registered peak at 16:00 and 15:00 h and intake of 6.24 and 9.48 L, respectively. The time spent drinking (TSD) and number of drinker visits (NDV) also showed a peak in the afternoon: 13:00 and 17:00 h for growing and finishing phases, respectively. The TSD was 282.73 and 268.36 s, and the NDV values were 16.13 and 13.84 for growing and finishing phases, respectively. The results demonstrated an increasing pattern during the animal housing period in WD that is proportional to dry matter intake and body weight, and the water wasted represents a significant portion of WD. The daily pattern of WD, TSD, and NDV increase during the total and growing periods, presenting peak activity at 13:00 h. During the finishing phase, TSD and NDV present a pattern similar to the growing phase, but the peak occurs in the last hour of the day.(AU)

Water disappearance dynamics in growing-finishing pig production

The objective of this study was to measure the water disappearance in the drinker and the pattern of daily water intake and estimate the amount of water wasted in pig production. The study will also generate information about the daily behaviour of water intake of pigs in the growing and finishing phases. Sixty male pigs with an average initial weight of 44.43 kg subjected to immunocastration were used. Animals received feed and water ad libitum. The animal-performance data, temperature and humidity, and feed and water intake behaviour were collected in real time during the entire experimental period, while water volume consumed was measured daily. The average water disappearance (WD) was 7.98 L, which increased during the studied period, and 29.07% of this corresponds to the estimated water wasted. The daily WD behaviour revealed an increasing pattern throughout the day for growing and finishing periods, with the registered peak at 16:00 and 15:00 h and intake of 6.24 and 9.48 L, respectively. The time spent drinking (TSD) and number of drinker visits (NDV) also showed a peak in the afternoon: 13:00 and 17:00 h for growing and finishing phases, respectively. The TSD was 282.73 and 268.36 s, and the NDV values were 16.13 and 13.84 for growing and finishing phases, respectively. The results demonstrated an increasing pattern during the animal housing period in WD that is proportional to dry matter intake and body weight, and the water wasted represents a significant portion of WD. The daily pattern of WD, TSD, and NDV increase during the total and growing periods, presenting peak activity at 13:00 h. During the finishing phase, TSD and NDV present a pattern similar to the growing phase, but the peak occurs in the last hour of the day.(AU)

Intervalos de coletas de sêmen em reprodutores suínos no início da vida reprodutiva: avaliação dos parâmetros seminais / Intervals of semen collection from boars during early reproductive life: evaluation of seminal fluid parameters

Background: In swine production, good reproduction rates can be achieved through genetic selection and reproductivebiotechnologies. One of these biotechnologies is artificial insemination, which contributes to disseminate genes and optimizebreeding boars, thus improving the quality of insemination doses. This study focused on evaluating the intervals betweensemen collection from boars at the beginning of their reproductive maturity vis-à-vis the viability of insemination doses.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty 9-month-old boars of the genetic lineage AGPIC 337 (Agroceres PIC) were used inthis study. The experimental design used here was completely randomized, and the randomly selected males were dividedinto four treatment groups, which were named according to the interval between semen sample collections: T1: 2 days; T2:3 days; T3: 4 days and T4: 7 days. Each treatment comprised 5 animals, and at the end of the 90 days of this study, a totalof 150 ejaculates were obtained in T1, 110 in T2, 90 in T3 and 60 in T4. The values of total motility, volume and spermconcentration of the ejaculates were evaluated, as was oxidative stress by means of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS), the latter after 0, 72, 120 and 168 h of the study. Membrane integrity was evaluated at 0, 72, 120 and 168 h usingthe eosin-nigrosin staining procedure. Sperm heat resistance was tested after 120 h, and sperm morphology after 72, 120 and168 h. Sperm concentrations differed, with T3 showing 27.04% and 29.65% higher concentrations (P < 0.05) than groupsT2 and T1, respectively. Total motility in group T4 was 0.56%, 1.98% and 3.28% higher (P < 0.05) than in T3, T2 and T1,respectively, indicating that the 7-day interval produced the best result. The heat...

Methodologies for the Determination of Endogenous Phosphorus Losses in Growing Pigs.

A study was conducted to compare the endogenous basal losses of phosphorus (EBLP) in pigs fed diets containing gelatin (GEL) or spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) as protein sources and to determine the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of phosphorus (P) in SDPP. The trial was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. Twelve castrated pigs with an initial body weight of 55 kg were individually allotted in metabolic crates during two 12-day periods, each with 7 days of adaptation and 5 days of total fecal collection. The beginning and the end of the collecting periods were determined according to the marker-to-marker approach, using ferric oxide as an indigestible marker. Pigs were submitted to four semi-purified diets, one being a P-free diet with 30% of GEL as the protein source and three were diets with 10%, 20%, and 30% inclusion of SDPP respectively. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the model included the effects of period, animal and treatments; the results of the three diets with increased levels of SDPP were subjected to linear regression analysis. The intercept of the relation of between ingested P and absorbed P represented the EBLP, while the slope indicated the STTD of P in SDPP. The EBLP means obtained by P-free diet and regression method were compared with the Student t test. The EBLP were 128.95 mg/kg dry matter intake (DMI) and 153.63 mg/kg DMI (standard error = 77.0; p<0.06) using the P-free diet with GEL as the protein source and the regression method, obtained with diets containing increased levels of SDPP, respectively. The apparent digestibility of P was 87.9%, 94.2%, and 92.9% for the treatments containing 10%, 20%, and 30% inclusion of SDPP, respectively. The estimated STTD of P obtained with the linear regression was 97.4%. When the EBLP estimated by the P-free diet was used to corrected the apparent digestibility of P in diets containing SDPP, the STTD of P in SDPP was 96.9%, 98.8%, and 95.9% for 10%, 20%, and 30% SDPP, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that SDPP can replace GEL to estimate the endogenous losses of P. In addition, the STTD of P in SDPP estimated with the P-free diet was 97.2% and it was 97.4% by the regression method, utilizing SDPP.

Efficiency of threonine utilization in the growing pigs / Eficiencia del uso de treonina para cerdos en fase de crecimiento

Objective. This study aimed to determine the marginal efficiency of threonine utilization in growing pigs by using the nitrogen balance technique. Materials and methods. Twelve castrated pigs with an average live weight of 72±2 kg were housed in metabolic cages maintained in a temperature controlled room of 22±3°C. The treatments consisted of four diets calculated to meet 30, 45, 60 and 70% of the nutritional requirements of standardized ileal digestible threonine. The amino acids others than threonine were maintained at least 15% above threonine requirements, expressed in terms of ideal levels. The amount of feed supplied was calculate to provide 2.6 times the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance and adjusted daily according to an expected daily gain rate of 0.8 kg. Results. Pigs consumed 1.65 g kg-1 BW0.75 nitrogen daily, on average and 61% was retained and, as a result, 39% was excreted, being 31% through the feces and the remainder (69%) in the urine. The pigs showed a linear retention of threonine in response to the increase of standardized threonine intake. For each gram of standardized threonine intake 0.37 g were lost during the metabolism. Conclusions. It is concluded that for calculating nutritional requirements of standardized threonine of pigs by the factorial method, it is possible to use the utilization marginal efficiency of 0.63.

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la eficiencia marginal del uso de treonina para cerdos en fase de crecimiento, por medio de la técnica de balance de nitrógeno. Material y métodos. Fueron utilizados doce cerdos machos castrados con peso promedio de 72±2 kg alojados en jaulas metabólicas climatizadas a una temperatura ambiente de 22±3°C. Los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro dietas calculadas para 30, 45, 60 y 70% de las necesidades nutricionales de treonina digestible estandarizada. Los demás aminoácidos se añadieron a las dietas para lograr una proporción de al menos 15% de sus necesidades expresadas con relación a la treonina. La cantidad de alimento proporcionado se calculó para suministrar 2.6 veces la energía metabolizable y ajustada todos los dias, según una tasa de ganancia media diaria de 0.8 kg. Resultados. Los cerdos consumieron 1.65 g kg-1 PV0.75 de nitrógeno por dia. En promedio 61% de nitrógeno ingerido se conservó y 39% fue excretado por el animal. El 31% se excretó en las heces y el resto (69%) en la orina. Los cerdos mostraron una retención lineal de treonina, con relación al aumento en la ingesta de treonina digestible estandarizada. Por cada gramo de treonina digestible estandarizada ingerido 0.37 g se perdieron durante el metabolismo. Conclusiones. Se concluye que, para el cálculo de las necesidades nutricionales de treonina digestible estandarizada para cerdos por método factorial, es posible utilizar la eficiencia marginal del uso de treonina a 0.63.

Chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of cured product prepared with pork fed diets enriched with beta adrenergic and natural antioxidants / Características químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais do produto curado preparado com carne de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo beta adrenérgico e antioxidantes naturais

Background: Through individual properties and synergistic action of its active principles, adding antioxidants (AN) in diet can indirectlyinfluence the meat properties and chemical characteristics, microbiological and sensory of the salami. This work evaluated the chemical, microbiological and sensory product made with meat from finishing pigs fed diets containing ractopamine (RAC) and natural AN.Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and eight pigs were used in a completely randomized, blocked by sex and distributed in ninetreatments with 0, 10 and 20 ppm of RAC; 0, 250 and 500 ppm of AN and their interactions. The animals were slaughtered in slaughterhouse fridge with federal inspection. After that, for laboratory analysis and preparation of salami, the Longissimus dorsi muscle wasremoved from the right half carcass. Two duplicates of each treatment were separated and vacuum packed for the laboratory analyzes.In the sensory analysis evaluated the acceptability of Milano salami on a seven-point hedonic scale. The moisture percentage of thesalami prepared with meat from animals that received 10 RAC+500 AN in the diet had an average 7.5% higher (P < 0.05) than control,20 ppm for RAC and levels of AN. The ash content in the salami produced from the animals that received 10 RAC+500 AN in the diethad an average 9.5% higher (P < 0.05) than control, 20 RAC+250 AN and 250 AN. The protein content in the salami elaborated withanimal received 10 RAC+250 AN in the diet was 10.2% higher (P < 0.05) than other treatments. The lipid content of the control groupsalami were 16.6% higher (P < 0.05) than other treatments. In the color evaluation of salami prepared with meat from females, the levelof inclusion 10 RAC+250 AN showed better acceptability (P < 0.05) compared to the other treatments. In relation to the characteristicodor, females salami with 500 AN from the treatment showed better acceptability (P < 0.05)...(AU)

Chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of cured product prepared with pork fed diets enriched with beta adrenergic and natural antioxidants / Características químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais do produto curado preparado com carne de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo beta adrenérgico e antioxidantes naturais

Background: Through individual properties and synergistic action of its active principles, adding antioxidants (AN) in diet can indirectlyinfluence the meat properties and chemical characteristics, microbiological and sensory of the salami. This work evaluated the chemical, microbiological and sensory product made with meat from finishing pigs fed diets containing ractopamine (RAC) and natural AN.Materials, Methods & Results: One hundred and eight pigs were used in a completely randomized, blocked by sex and distributed in ninetreatments with 0, 10 and 20 ppm of RAC; 0, 250 and 500 ppm of AN and their interactions. The animals were slaughtered in slaughterhouse fridge with federal inspection. After that, for laboratory analysis and preparation of salami, the Longissimus dorsi muscle wasremoved from the right half carcass. Two duplicates of each treatment were separated and vacuum packed for the laboratory analyzes.In the sensory analysis evaluated the acceptability of Milano salami on a seven-point hedonic scale. The moisture percentage of thesalami prepared with meat from animals that received 10 RAC+500 AN in the diet had an average 7.5% higher (P < 0.05) than control,20 ppm for RAC and levels of AN. The ash content in the salami produced from the animals that received 10 RAC+500 AN in the diethad an average 9.5% higher (P < 0.05) than control, 20 RAC+250 AN and 250 AN. The protein content in the salami elaborated withanimal received 10 RAC+250 AN in the diet was 10.2% higher (P < 0.05) than other treatments. The lipid content of the control groupsalami were 16.6% higher (P < 0.05) than other treatments. In the color evaluation of salami prepared with meat from females, the levelof inclusion 10 RAC+250 AN showed better acceptability (P < 0.05) compared to the other treatments. In relation to the characteristicodor, females’ salami with 500 AN from the treatment showed better acceptability (P < 0.05)...

Dietas ajustadas para suínos através do modelo InraPorc®: desempenho, características de carcaça e impacto econômico / Diets for pigs fitted through the model InraPorc®: performance, carcass traits and economic impact

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho animal, as características de carcaça e os custos para suínos alimentados com dietas ajustadas, para condições brasileiras, através do modelo InraPorc®. Foram utilizados 36 suínos castrados e 36 fêmeas, nas fases de crescimento e terminação, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram dietas controles e dietas ajustadas para machos e fêmeas. O programa alimentar e o perfil animal foram adicionados ao modelo para parametrização e definição das estratégias nutricionais e alimentares nas dietas ajustadas. O desempenho e as características de carcaça não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. O custo médio de alimentação para os animais que receberam a dieta controle foi 3,4% e 2,4% superior para os machos e para as fêmeas, respectivamente. Na comparação entre as dietas, o custo médio de alimentação para os animais que receberam a dieta controle foi 2,9% superior. A receita líquida foi R$0,19 e R$0,66 superior para os machos e fêmeas que receberam a dieta ajustada, respectivamente. As dietas ajustadas através do InraPorc® para suínos em crescimento e terminação não influenciam no desempenho e nas características de carcaça, contudo reduzem os custos de alimentação, o que gera aumento da receita líquida de produção.

The objective of this study was to evaluate animal performance, carcass characteristics and costs for pigs fed diets adjusted to Brazilian conditions, through the model InraPorc®. We used 36 barrows and 36 females, during the growing and finishing in a completely randomized design. The treatments were control diets and diets adjusted for both males and females. The feeding program and the animal profile were added to the model parameterization and define strategies and nutritional feed in the diets adjusted. The performance and carcass traits were not affected by treatments. The average cost to feed the animals that received the control diet was higher in 3.4% and 2.4% for the males and females respectively. Comparing the diets, the average cost to feed the animals that received the control diet was 2.9% higher. Net income was R$0.19 and R$0.66 higher for males and females which received the diet adjusted, respectively. Diets adjusted through InraPorc® for the growing and finishing pigs did not influence the performance and carcass traits, however reduced feed costs which generates higher net production.

Dietas ajustadas para suínos através do modelo InraPorc®: desempenho, características de carcaça e impacto econômico

The objective of this study was to evaluate animal performance, carcass characteristics and costs for pigs fed diets adjusted to Brazilian conditions, through the model InraPorc®. We used 36 barrows and 36 females, during the growing and finishing in a completely randomized design. The treatments were control diets and diets adjusted for both males and females. The feeding program and the animal profile were added to the model parameterization and define strategies and nutritional feed in the diets adjusted. The performance and carcass traits were not affected by treatments. The average cost to feed the animals that received the control diet was higher in 3.4% and 2.4% for the males and females respectively. Comparing the diets, the average cost to feed the animals that received the control diet was 2.9% higher. Net income was R$0.19 and R$0.66 higher for males and females which received the diet adjusted, respectively. Diets adjusted through InraPorc® for the growing and finishing pigs did not influence the performance and carcass traits, however reduced feed costs which generates higher net production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho animal, as características de carcaça e os custos para suínos alimentados com dietas ajustadas, para condições brasileiras, através do modelo InraPorc®. Foram utilizados 36 suínos castrados e 36 fêmeas, nas fases de crescimento e terminação, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram dietas controles e dietas ajustadas para machos e fêmeas. O programa alimentar e o perfil animal foram adicionados ao modelo para parametrização e definição das estratégias nutricionais e alimentares nas dietas ajustadas. O desempenho e as características de carcaça não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. O custo médio de alimentação para os animais que receberam a dieta controle foi 3,4% e 2,4% superior para os machos e para as fêmeas, respectivamente. Na comparação entre as dietas, o custo médio de alimentação para os animais que receberam a dieta controle foi 2,9% superior. A receita líquida foi R$0,19 e R$0,66 superior para os machos e fêmeas que receberam a dieta ajustada, respectivamente. As dietas ajustadas através do InraPorc® para suínos em crescimento e terminação não influenciam no desempenho e nas características de carcaça, contudo reduzem os custos de alimentação, o que gera aumento da receita líquida de produção.

Dietas ajustadas para suínos através do modelo InraPorc®: desempenho, características de carcaça e impacto econômico

The objective of this study was to evaluate animal performance, carcass characteristics and costs for pigs fed diets adjusted to Brazilian conditions, through the model InraPorc®. We used 36 barrows and 36 females, during the growing and finishing in a completely randomized design. The treatments were control diets and diets adjusted for both males and females. The feeding program and the animal profile were added to the model parameterization and define strategies and nutritional feed in the diets adjusted. The performance and carcass traits were not affected by treatments. The average cost to feed the animals that received the control diet was higher in 3.4% and 2.4% for the males and females respectively. Comparing the diets, the average cost to feed the animals that received the control diet was 2.9% higher. Net income was R$0.19 and R$0.66 higher for males and females which received the diet adjusted, respectively. Diets adjusted through InraPorc® for the growing and finishing pigs did not influence the performance and carcass traits, however reduced feed costs which generates higher net production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho animal, as características de carcaça e os custos para suínos alimentados com dietas ajustadas, para condições brasileiras, através do modelo InraPorc®. Foram utilizados 36 suínos castrados e 36 fêmeas, nas fases de crescimento e terminação, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram dietas controles e dietas ajustadas para machos e fêmeas. O programa alimentar e o perfil animal foram adicionados ao modelo para parametrização e definição das estratégias nutricionais e alimentares nas dietas ajustadas. O desempenho e as características de carcaça não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. O custo médio de alimentação para os animais que receberam a dieta controle foi 3,4% e 2,4% superior para os machos e para as fêmeas, respectivamente. Na comparação entre as dietas, o custo médio de alimentação para os animais que receberam a dieta controle foi 2,9% superior. A receita líquida foi R$0,19 e R$0,66 superior para os machos e fêmeas que receberam a dieta ajustada, respectivamente. As dietas ajustadas através do InraPorc® para suínos em crescimento e terminação não influenciam no desempenho e nas características de carcaça, contudo reduzem os custos de alimentação, o que gera aumento da receita líquida de produção.

Dietas ajustadas para suínos através do modelo InraPorc®: desempenho, características de carcaça e impacto econômico

The objective of this study was to evaluate animal performance, carcass characteristics and costs for pigs fed diets adjusted to Brazilian conditions, through the model InraPorc®. We used 36 barrows and 36 females, during the growing and finishing in a completely randomized design. The treatments were control diets and diets adjusted for both males and females. The feeding program and the animal profile were added to the model parameterization and define strategies and nutritional feed in the diets adjusted. The performance and carcass traits were not affected by treatments. The average cost to feed the animals that received the control diet was higher in 3.4% and 2.4% for the males and females respectively. Comparing the diets, the average cost to feed the animals that received the control diet was 2.9% higher. Net income was R$0.19 and R$0.66 higher for males and females which received the diet adjusted, respectively. Diets adjusted through InraPorc® for the growing and finishing pigs did not influence the performance and carcass traits, however reduced feed costs which generates higher net production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho animal, as características de carcaça e os custos para suínos alimentados com dietas ajustadas, para condições brasileiras, através do modelo InraPorc®. Foram utilizados 36 suínos castrados e 36 fêmeas, nas fases de crescimento e terminação, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram dietas controles e dietas ajustadas para machos e fêmeas. O programa alimentar e o perfil animal foram adicionados ao modelo para parametrização e definição das estratégias nutricionais e alimentares nas dietas ajustadas. O desempenho e as características de carcaça não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. O custo médio de alimentação para os animais que receberam a dieta controle foi 3,4% e 2,4% superior para os machos e para as fêmeas, respectivamente. Na comparação entre as dietas, o custo médio de alimentação para os animais que receberam a dieta controle foi 2,9% superior. A receita líquida foi R$0,19 e R$0,66 superior para os machos e fêmeas que receberam a dieta ajustada, respectivamente. As dietas ajustadas através do InraPorc® para suínos em crescimento e terminação não influenciam no desempenho e nas características de carcaça, contudo reduzem os custos de alimentação, o que gera aumento da receita líquida de produção.

Alimentação de suínos em terminação com dietas contendo ractopamina e extratos cítricos: desempenho e características de carcaça / Pigs fed containing ractopamine and citrus extracts: performance and carcass characteristics

Um experimento avaliou a adição de ractopamina e extratos cítricos a dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 108 suínos (54 machos e 54 fêmeas) em um delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso, sendo o sexo o fator de bloqueamento e nove os tratamentos: T1. controle (C) (0ppm de ractopamina e 0ppm de extratos cítricos), T2. C+10RAC (ractopamina, em ppm), T3. C+20RAC, T4. C+250EC (extratos cítricos, em ppm), T5. C+500EC, T6. C+250EC+10RAC, T7. C+250EC+20RAC, T8. C+500EC+10RAC e T9. C+500EC+20RAC. O peso vivo final (109,9±3,6kg), consumo de ração (2,6±0,2kgd-1), ganho de peso (1,0±0,1kgd-1), conversão alimentar (2,7±0,2), comprimento de carcaça (97,0±2,7cm), profundidade de músculo (56,1±5,6mm) e pH (5,9±0,3) não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Sobre o peso de carcaça, o efeito foi somente do tratamento com 20ppm de ractopamina em relação a 10ppm de ractopamina, sendo 5,7 por cento superior. A espessura de toucinho do grupo controle foi 35 por cento superior aos níveis de ractopamina, e a interação foi 500ppm de extratos cítricos e 10ppm de ractopamina. A carne magra do controle foi 5,3 por cento inferior em relação aos níveis de ractopamina. A alimentação de suínos em terminação com dietas contendo ractopamina, extratos cítricos e suas interações não altera o desempenho, mas influencia algumas características de carcaça.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the addition of the citrus extracts and ractopamine in finishing pig diets. A Hundred eight pigs were used (54 males and 54 females) in a completely randomized design, blocked by sex and distributed in nine treatments: T1. control (C) (0ppm of the ractopamine e 0ppm of the citrus extracts), T2. C+10RAC (ractopamine, ppm), T3. C+20RAC, T4. C+250EC (citrus extracts, ppm), T5. C+500EC, T6. C+250EC+10RAC, T7. C+250EC+20RAC, T8. C+500EC+10RAC and T9. C+500EC+20RAC. The final body weight (109.9±3.60kg), feed intake (2.6±0.24kg d-1), body weight gain (1.01±0.09kg d-1), feed conversion ratio (2.7±0.25), carcass length (97±2.71cm), depth muscle (56.1±5.63mm), and pH (5.9±0.33) were not affected by treatments. There was a significant effect for the treatment with 20ppm of ractopamine, which was 5.7 higher, in relation to the treatment with 10ppm of ractopamine. The backfat thickness of control group was 35 percent higher than the ractopamine levels and the interaction was of 10ppm of ractopamine and 500ppm of citrus extracts. The lean meat in the control group was on average, 5.3 percent lower in relation to the ractopamine levels. Feeding of finishing pigs with diets containing ractopamine, citrus extracts and their interactions didn't affect performance, however affected some carcass characteristics.