ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Asthma is an inflammatory condition characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and chronic inflammation. The resolution of inflammation is an essential process to treat this condition. In this study we investigated the effect of Allium cepa L. extract (AcE) and quercetin (Qt) on cytokine and on smooth muscle contraction in vitro and its therapeutic potential in a murine model of asthma. METHODS: AcE was obtained by maceration of Allium cepa L. and it was standardized in terms of quercetin concentration using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro, using AcE 10, 100 or 1000 µg/ml or Qt 3.5, 7.5, 15 µg/ml, we measured the concentration of cytokines in spleen cell culture supernatants, and the ability to relax tracheal smooth muscle from A/J mice. In vivo, Blomia tropicalis (BT)-sensitized A/J mice were treated with AcE 100, 1000 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg Qt. We measured cell influx in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) in lungs, serum levels of Bt-specific IgE, cytokines levels in BAL, and lung histology. RESULTS: We observed a reduction in the production of inflammatory cytokines, a relaxation of tracheal rings, and a reduction in total number of cells in BAL and EPO in lungs by treatment with AcE or Qt. CONCLUSION: AcE and Qt have potential as antiasthmatic drugs, as they possess both immunomodulatory and bronchodilatory properties.
Subject(s)
Anti-Asthmatic Agents/administration & dosage , Asthma/drug therapy , Onions/chemistry , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Quercetin/administration & dosage , Animals , Anti-Asthmatic Agents/pharmacology , Asthma/etiology , Asthma/immunology , Asthma/pathology , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology , Cells, Cultured , Cytokines/metabolism , Disease Models, Animal , Female , Lung/drug effects , Lung/immunology , Lung/pathology , Mice , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Quercetin/pharmacology , Spleen/cytology , Spleen/drug effects , Spleen/immunologyABSTRACT
Allergic asthma has emerged as an important public health problem of urban populations in developed countries. Very often herbal medicine is used to treat this widespread disease, due to the lack of efficacy and the important side effects related to the classical drugs in use. Along this line, Ocimum gratissimum (Og) is a plant widely used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders, such as asthma. In the present study we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of Og and rosmarinic acid (RA, a polyphenolic compound) in a murine model of respiratory allergy induced by the Blomia tropicalis (Bt) mite. The respiratory allergy was induced in A/J mice by administration of Bt extract and the treatment was done using 25, 50 or 100mg/kg of an Og methanolic extract or using 2, 20 or 200mg/kg of RA. We then evaluated the changes induced by these drugs on immunological parameters related to the allergic process, which are up-regulated in this allergic model. The treatment of animals with 100mg/Kg Og and 200mg/Kg RA led to a significant reduction in the numbers of leukocytes/eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); eosinophil peroxidase activity in BAL; presence of mucus in respiratory tract, histopathological changes in the lung, and IL-4 in BAL. These results suggest that the methanolic extract of Og and the polyphenol RA have therapeutic potential in this murine model of respiratory allergy to a clinically relevant human sensitizer allergen.
Subject(s)
Cinnamates/therapeutic use , Depsides/therapeutic use , Eosinophils/immunology , Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use , Ocimum/chemistry , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/drug therapy , Sarcoptidae/immunology , Animals , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology , Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology , Cinnamates/administration & dosage , Cinnamates/isolation & purification , Depsides/administration & dosage , Depsides/isolation & purification , Disease Models, Animal , Eosinophil Peroxidase/metabolism , Eosinophils/drug effects , Eosinophils/enzymology , Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage , Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification , Interleukin-4/immunology , Lung/drug effects , Lung/immunology , Lung/pathology , Male , Mice , Mice, Inbred Strains , Plant Extracts/administration & dosage , Plant Extracts/isolation & purification , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology , Respiratory Mucosa/immunology , Rosmarinic AcidABSTRACT
Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide. Medicinal plants are historically used in its treatment. The plant Cissampelos sympodialis, known in Northeastern Brazil as "Jarrinha" or "Milona", is used to treat some inflammatory conditions, including asthma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Cissampelos sympodialis EICHL. extract (CsE) and its isolated alkaloids, especially warifteine (Wa) on a Blomia tropicalis extract (BtE)-induced experimental model of allergy. The respiratory allergy was induced in AJ mice by the administration of BtE. Mice were orally treated with the 400 mg/kg of CsE or 8 mg/kg of total alkaloids fraction (TAF) or 4 mg/kg of Wa and the following parameters were analyzed: (a) total cell numbers in bronchoalveolar fluid (BAF); (b) differential cell numbers in BAF; (c) eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity in BAF; (d) IgE serum levels by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis; (e) IL-5, IL-13, IL-10, and IFN-γ levels in BAF; (f) histopathological alterations in the lung. The treatment of the animals with CsE, Wa or TAF led to a reduction in the numbers of total cells and eosinophils in BAF. The same reduction was observed in EPO levels in the BAF. The levels of IL-5 and IL-13 were also reduced in animals treated with Cissampelos sympodialis, while IL-10 levels were significantly increased in the BAF of CsE-treated animals. The treatment also decreased the density of inflammatory cells in the lung by histopathological examination demonstrating the potential of this medicinal plant as new agent for asthma treatment.
