2016 Comprehensive Update of the Banff Working Group on Liver Allograft Pathology: Introduction of Antibody-Mediated Rejection.

The Banff Working Group on Liver Allograft Pathology reviewed and discussed literature evidence regarding antibody-mediated liver allograft rejection at the 11th (Paris, France, June 5-10, 2011), 12th (Comandatuba, Brazil, August 19-23, 2013), and 13th (Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, October 5-10, 2015) meetings of the Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology. Discussion continued online. The primary goal was to introduce guidelines and consensus criteria for the diagnosis of liver allograft antibody-mediated rejection and provide a comprehensive update of all Banff Schema recommendations. Included are new recommendations for complement component 4d tissue staining and interpretation, staging liver allograft fibrosis, and findings related to immunosuppression minimization. In an effort to create a single reference document, previous unchanged criteria are also included.

Fructose 1-6 bisphosphate versus University of Wisconsin solution for rat liver preservation: does FBP prevent early mitochondrial injury?

BACKGROUND: Fructose 1,6-biphosphate (FBP) has been shown to exert therapeutic effects in models of ischemia-reperfusion in organs other than the liver. This study compared FBP and University of Wisconsin (UW) solution during cold storage and reperfusion, among mitochondria of adult male Wistar rat livers. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to two groups according to the preservation solution used; UW or FBP Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT); and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in samples of the storage solution obtained at 2, 4 and 6 hours of preservation. After 6 hours of cold storage, we reperfused the liver, taking blood samples to measure AST, ALT, LDH, and throbarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Hepatic fragments were processed for histologic analysis; for determinations of TBARS, catalase, and nitric oxide as well as for mitochondrial evaluation by infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: During cold preservation, levels of AST and LDH in the storage solution were lower among the FBP group, but after reperfusion, serum levels of AST, ALT, and LDH were higher in this group, as was catalase activity. TBARS and nitric oxide were comparable between the groups. In the UW group there was a higher amide I/amide II ratio than in the FBP group, suggesting an abnormal protein structure of the mitochondrial membrane. No signs of preservation injury were observed in any liver biopsy, but sinusoidal congestion was present in livers preserved with FBP. CONCLUSION: FBP showed a protective effect for preservation during cold storage seeming to protect the mitochondrial membrane although it did not prevent reperfusion injury.

Hepatic reperfusion in rats: a new model with portal arterialization in studying early ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Isolated liver perfusion has been used to evaluate the beneficial effects of several agents. In the present study, we developed a model using a recipient rat to reperfuse harvested livers in an ex situ, in vivo recirculating system. A total of 25 reperfusion procedures using adult male Wistar rats as donors and recipients were done. The preservation of the livers was performed with University of Wisconsin solution for 6 hours. Thereafter, the liver was reperfused with blood from another rat. We believe that the model presented herein offers an alternative method to evaluate early hepatocellular damage or hepatic microcirculation.

Experiência em pacientes com suspeita de hepatopatia crônica e contra-indicaçäo para biópsia hepática percutânea utilizando a agulha de Ross modificada / Experience in patients with suspected chronic liver disease and contraindication for percutaneous biopsy using modified Ross needle

OBJETIVOS: O trabalho visou introduzir em nosso meio a técnica de biópsia hepática transjugular orientada por métodos radiológicos para a obtenção do diagnóstico histológico em pacientes clínica e laboratorialmente diagnosticados com hepatopatia crônica e com pelo menos uma das contra-indicações à biópsia hepática percutânea: coagulopatia, ascite maciça e anemia crônica acentuada com insuficiência renal crônica ou obesidade mórbida. MÉTODOS: Biópsia hepática aspirativa foi obtida com agulha de Ross modificada, através da punção da veia jugular interna com cateterização da veia hepática direita sob controle fluoroscópico. RESULTADOS: Trinta e nove pacientes foram estudados, obtendo-se tecido hepático em 32 (82 por cento ) sendo satisfatório para diagnóstico histológico em 25 (64,1 por cento ), com concordância entre o diagnóstico pré e pós-biópsia em 11 (28,2 por cento ) e discordância em 14 pacientes (35,9 por cento ). O procedimento foi bem tolerado pela maioria dos pacientes; contudo um paciente apresentou sangramento retroperitoneal, necessitando cirurgia imediata para controle da hemorragia. CONCLUSÕES: A biópsia hepática transjugular é um método diagnóstico útil para o estudo histopatológico na suspeita de hepatopatia crônica com contra-indicações a biópsia hepática percutânea. Em nossa série foi obtido diagnóstico histopatológico em 64,1 por cento dos indivíduos estudados. Pacientes com suspeita clínica de cirrose tiveram baixo diagnóstico histopatológico (50 por cento ) quando comparados com indivíduos sem essa suspeita (78,9 por cento ). O método é relativamente complexo, podendo apresentar complicações graves, e deve ser realizado em centros de excelência em radiologia e hepatologia.

Histopathological diagnosis of intra-and extrahepatic neonatal cholestasis

The histopathology of the liver is fundamental for the differential diagnosis between intra- and extrahepatic causes of neonatal cholestasis. However, histopathological findings may overlap and there is disagreement among authors concerning those which could discriminate between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis. Forty-six liver biopsies (35 wedge biopsies and 11 percutaneous biopsies) and one specimen from a postmortem examination, all from patients hospitalized for neonatal cholestasis in the Pediatrics Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, were prospectively studied using a specially designed histopathological protocol. At least 4 of 5 different stains were used, and 46 hepatic histopathological variables related to the differential diagnosis of neonatal cholestasis were studied. The findings were scored for severity on a scale from 0 to 4. Sections which showed less than 3 spaces were excluded form the study. Sections were examined by a pathologist who was unaware of the final diagnosis of each case. Bile tract permeability was defined by scintigraphy of the bile ducts and operative cholangiography. The F test and discriminant analysis were used as statistical methods for the study of the hepatic histopathological variables. The chi-square method with Yates correction was used to relate the age of the patients on the date of the histopathological study to the discriminatory variables between intra- and extrahepatic cholestaasis selected by the discriminant function test. The most valuable hepatic histopathological variables for the discrimination between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis, in decreasing order of importance, were periportal ductal proliferation, portal ductal proliferation, portal expansion, cholestasis in neoductules, foci of myeloid metaplasia, and portal-portal bridges. The only variable which pointed to the diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis was myeloid metaplasia. Due to the small number of patients who were younger than 60 days on the date of the histopathological study (N=6), no variable discriminated between intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis before the age of 2 months and all of them, except for the portal expansion, were discriminatory after this age. In infants with cholestasis, foci of myeloid metaplasia, whenever present in the liver biopsy, suggested intrahepatic cholstasis. Periportal ductal proliferation, portal ductal proliferation, portal expansion, cholestasis in neoductules...

Postangioplasty restenosis: a practical model in the porcine carotid artery

Transluminal coronary angioplasty is a routine therapeutic intervention in coronary heart disease. Despite the high rate of primary success, restenosis continues to be its major limitation. Porcine models have been considered to be the most adequate experimental models for studying restenosis. One limitation of porcine models is the need for radiological guidance and the expenses involved. The objective of the present study was to adapt an experimental model of angioplasty in the porcine carotid artery that does not require radiological equipment. Eight animals were used to develop the technique of balloon injury to the common carotid artery by dissection without radiological guidance. This technique was then employed in six other animals. Under anesthesia, the left common carotid artery was dissected and incised at the carotid sinus for insertion of an over-the-wire angioplasty balloon towards the aorta. Overstretch injury of the carotid artery was performed under direct visualization. After 30 days, the arteries were excised and pressure-fixated. Uninjured carotid arteries from 3 additional animals were used as controls. A decreased luminal area associated with intimal hyperplasia and medial reaction was observed in all injured arteries. Immunohistochemistry identified the intimal hyperplastic cells as smooth muscle cells. Computerized morphometry of the ballooned segments revealed the following mean areas: lumen 2.12mm2 (+ 1.09), intima 0.22mm2 (+ 0.08), media 3.47mm2 (+ 0.67), and adventitia 1.11mm2 (+ 0.34). Our experimental model of porcine carotid angioplasty without radiological guidance induced a vascular wall reaction and permitted the quantification of this response. This porcine model may facilitate the study of vascular injury and its response to pharmacological interventions.

Exames anatomopatológicos transoperatórios: controle de qualidade / Transoperative anatomopathological examinations: quality control

Exames transoperatórios (ET) säo realizados rotineiramente em um hospital geral, e seus resultados determinam os diferentes procedimentos cirurgicos. OBJETIVO. Avaliar o grau de precisäo diagnóstica dos ET e identificar os tipos de erros mais freqüentes. MÉtodos. Foram estudados, prospectivamente, 2.152 ET realizados entre março de 1986 e setembro de 1991, no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). RESULTADOS. Os 2.152 ET corresponderam a 3,7 por cento dos 58.127 exames anatomopatológicos feitos nesse período. Os erros classificados como falsos positivos ocorreram oito vezes (0,4 por cento), os falsos negativos 39 vezes (1,8 por cento) e os diagnósticos postergados para os cortes em parafina (inconclusivos) atingiram 62 casos (2,8 por cento). Os órgäos mais freqüentemente examinados foram linfonodo (19,3 por cento), ovário (17,2 por cento), mama (16,6 por cento) e tiróide (12,4 por cento). A acurácia dos ET foi de 95 por cento, e quando excluídos os 64 casos inconclusivo, a precisäo diagnóstica atingiu 97,8 por cento. CONCLUSäO. Os erros diagnósticos (2,2 por cento) encontrados nos ET realizados no HCPA säo compatíveis com os dados citados na literatura mundial, que variam entre 0,7 por cento e 2,5 por cento

Melanoma maligno cutâneo no Rio Grande do Sul: estudo de 101 casos / Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: study of 101 cases

Between 1985 and 1989, at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), 101 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) were reviewed in order to evaluate the status of the disease at diagnosis. The cases were obtained from the records of the pathology service of the HCPA. Nodular Melanoma (ND) was the most frequent type (36.6). In males, the predominant site was in the head, neck and trunk while in females it was in the lower limbs Clark level V was found in 35.6 of the cases. In 23.8, the tumor was larger than 4mm in depth according to Breslow classification. These results clearly demonstrate that the diagnosis of CMM is established in later stages of the disease.