Unusual presentation of orbital compartment syndrome due to complicated herpes zoster ophthalmicus: A case report.

Herpesvirus reactivates from a latent infection in older adults and critically ill and immunocompromised individuals. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is a latent infection that affects the fifth cranial nerve. It is an infrequent cause of increased intraocular pressure. We present the case of a 50-year-old man with a reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus infection involving the ophthalmic branch of the fifth cranial nerve. The patient was initially managed as an outpatient with an antiviral, but his clinical evolution worsened and required urgent surgical decompression. Lateral canthotomy was performed with cantholysis of the inferior crus of the lateral canthal tendon. Only partial decompression was achieved, so cantholysis of the upper crus was performed with significant tissue tension release. The patient evolved well and was discharged after 6 days without symptoms for outpatient management.

Surgical management of palatal teratoma (epignathus) with the use of virtual reconstruction and 3D models: a case report and literature review.

Epignathus is a rare congenital orofacial teratoma that arises from the sphenoid region of the palate or the pharynx. It occurs in approximately 1:35,000 to 1:200,000 live births representing 2% to 9% of all teratomas. We present the case of a newborn of 39.4 weeks of gestation with a tumor that occupied the entire oral cavity. The patient was delivered by cesarean section. Oral resection was managed by pediatric surgery. Plastic surgery used virtual 3-dimensional models to establish the extension, and depth of the tumor. Bloc resection and reconstruction of the epignathus were performed. The mass was diagnosed as a mature teratoma associated with cleft lip and palate, nasoethmoidal meningocele that conditions hypertelorism, and a pseudomacrostoma. Tridimensional technology was applied to plan the surgical intervention. It contributed to a better understanding of the relationships between the tumor and the adjacent structures. This optimized the surgical approach and outcome.

Análisis del efecto de la sal en el desarrollo de obesidad / Analysis of the effect of salt intake on the development of obesity

Introducción: el transporte de la glucosa y de muchos aminoácidos en el intestino es realizado por el cotransportador SGLT1 únicamente si esta unido al ion sodio. La sal aporta un ion sodio por cada molécula que se consume y en los humanos su ingesta comúnmente es de diez veces más de la cantidad necesaria y generalmente se acompaña de dietas ricas en carbohidratos. Este trabajo se planteo pensando en que una estrategia simple para reducir de peso sería el disminuir la cantidad de sal en los alimentos. Objetivo: estudiar el efecto que tiene la sal en la dinámica de la absorción de glucosa y el efecto de una dieta rica en carbohidratos y sal en el desarrollo de obesidad en ratas Wistar. Métodos: para corroborar la hipótesis se evaluó el efecto de la sal en la dinámica de la absorción de la glucosa en el intestino realizando curvas de tolerancia a la glucosa con sal y sin sal. También se analizó si una dieta rica en carbohidratos y sal favorece el desarrollo de obesidad en ratas Wistar. Resultados: los experimentos mostraron que la ingesta de sal no influye en la dinámica de la absorción intestinal de la glucosa, ni en el desarrollo de obesidad en la rata Wistar. Conclusión: el sodio que de manera natural recircula desde el citoplasma de los enterocitos hacia la luz del intestino mantiene saturado al cotransportador de la glucosa SGLT1 y garantiza en todo momento el transporte de la glucosa que se ingiere en la dieta.

Introduction: Intestinal transport of glucose and many amino acids is performed by the SGLT1 cotransporter only when the latter is bound to the sodium ion. Salt contributes a sodium ion per molecule ingested. Human salt intake is often tenfold the required amount, and is generally accompanied by a carbohydrate-rich diet. The present study is based on the assumption that reducing the amount of salt in foods is a simple weight-loss strategy. Objective: Study the effect of salt on glucose absorption dynamics and the effect of a diet rich in carbohydrates and salt on the development of obesity in Wistar rats. Methods: To corroborate the hypothesis, an evaluation was conducted of the effect of salt on intestinal glucose absorption, based on glucose tolerance curves with and without salt. An analysis was also made of whether a diet rich in carbohydrates and salt leads to the development of obesity in Wistar rats. Results: Experiments showed that salt intake does not influence intestinal glucose absorption or the development of obesity in Wistar rats. Conclusion: Sodium naturally recirculating from the cytoplasm of enterocytes to the intestinal lumen keeps the SGLT1 glucose cotransporter saturated and at all times ensures the transport of the glucose ingested in the diet.

Comparación de la respuesta inmunológica frente a cepas de S. pneumoniae, evaluada por hemaglutinación, en niños inmunizados con vacuna neumocócica heptavalente (dos primovacunaciones con o sin refuerzo) / Comparison of the immune response against strains of S. pneumoniae, assessed by hemagglutination, in children immunized with heptavalent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (two primary vaccinations with or without reinforcement)

Introducción. Diferentes esquemas de inmunización con la vacuna antineumocócica heptavalente han probado su eficacia. Aunque se recomiendan pautas vacunales de dos o tres primovacunaciones con su respectivo refuerzo adicional, aún hay niños con primovacunaciones sin refuerzo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la respuesta inmunológica contra S. pneumoniae en niños bajo distintos esquemas de inmunización (dos o tres dosis) con vacuna antineumocócica heptavalente. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional y transversal para comparar la respuesta inmunológica entre los grupos A (dos primovacunaciones sin refuerzo) y B (dos primovacunaciones con refuerzo). Se analizó la respuesta inmunológica escasa por medio de hemaglutinación positiva (dilución ≤ 1:2). Se calculó la razón de momios (OR) y se aplicó la prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias clínicas entre los grupos A (n = 14) y B (n = 15). Hubo mayor proporción de respuesta inmunológica escasa en el grupo A [57% vs 13%; OR 8.7 (IC 95% 1.3-53.8); p = 0.017]. Conclusiones. La respuesta inmunológica escasa contra S. pneumoniae es mayor en los esquemas de dos dosis de primovacunación sin refuerzo que cuando se utilizan dos dosis de primovacunación con refuerzo.

Background. Different patterns of heptavalent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine immunization have proven effective. Although three and four doses are recommended, there are still children who are administered schemes of two primary vaccination doses without reinforcement. The aim of this study was to compare the immune response against S. pneumoniae in children (group A and group B) submitted to different immunization schemes (two primary vaccination doses with or without reinforcement). Methods. We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study comparing the immune response between group A and group B, analyzing the weak immune response with positive hemagglutination dilution ≤1:2. Odds ratio (OR) and Fisher's exact test were used. Results. There were no clinical differences between group A (n = 14) and group B (n = 15). There was a higher proportion of weak immune response in group A (57% vs. 13%, OR 8.7 (95% CI 1.3-53.8, p = 0.017). Conclusions. Weak immune response against S. pneumoniae is higher in schemes primed with two doses of heptavalent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine without reinforcement than using the two-dose schedule + a booster of heptavalent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine.

[Molecular physiopathology of the spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6)]. / Fisiopatología molecular de la ataxia espinocerebelar tipo 6 (SCA6).

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is a neurodegenerative, monogenic, and autosomic dominant disease which is characterized by a global cerebellar atrophy. Typically the onset is at mature age and undergoes a moderate evolution. This illness has been associated with a mutation in the gene CACNA1A, that encodes for subunit alpha1A of P/Q type voltage/dependent calcium channel. The mutation results in the expansion of a CAG triplet repeat located in the last exon of the gene, which is translated into a polyglutamine chain in the carboxyl tail of the calcium channel subunit. Several studies have been made to clarify the mechanism for the toxicity of polyglutamines in cerebellar neurons; SCA6 could be considered a polyglutamine proteinopathy linked to caspases mediated death pathway. However, SCA6 is also considered a channelopathy, like paroxysmal diseases as hemiplegic familiar migraine and episodic ataxia type 2. The goal of this review is to analyze the intracellular mechanism triggering neuronal death in cerebellum, and the subsequent neurodegeneration.