ABSTRACT
Deficits in executive functions (EF) are strongly related to real-life functioning and negative symptoms (NS) in schizophrenia. Recently, virtual reality has enabled more ecologically valid approaches to assess EF in simulated "real-life" scenarios among which the virtual cooking task (VCT) has gained attention. However, the clinical implications of the VCT in schizophrenia have not been investigated exhaustively. In this study, clinically stable individuals with schizophrenia (n = 38) and healthy controls (n = 42) completed a novel VCT and a set of computerized standard EF tools (CST) to primarily investigate concurrent and discriminant validity. In addition, the study explored links between EF assessments, functioning, and NS while controlling for antipsychotic intake, clinical stability, and age. This VCT consisted of four tasks with increasing difficulty and time constraints. The most relevant findings indicate that (1) the VCT showed moderate to strong correlations with CST, (2) the VCT discriminated EF performance between both the groups, (3) the VCT predicted interpersonal functioning, and (4) the VCT predicted NS in greater extent than CST. Accordingly, the findings give support to the concurrent and discriminant validity of the VCT to assess EF and indicate its value to deepen the study of collateral functional deficits and NS in schizophrenia.
ABSTRACT
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic, complex and multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder associated with high rates of concurrent psychiatric disorders, along with problems and complications on different areas of individual functioning. ADHD is not exclusively a childhood disorder, 40-60% persisting into adulthood with an estimated prevalence of 2.5-5%. Adolescence is a stage where great and continuous changes occur, associated with a lower adherence to treatment, a greater vulnerability to the emergence of academic problems, more risk-behaviors, the onset of substance use and higher rates of other comorbid disorders. The transition to adult services or units also occurs at this stage, requiring greater coordination between child/adolescent and adult services to ensure continuity of care in a phase of life in which the patient is particularly vulnerable. As in the case of children and adolescents, the recommended treatment for adults with ADHD is the multimodal and multidisciplinary approach, that combines medication with psychological or psychosocial strategies, such as psycho-education, cognitive behavioral therapy or coaching, adapted to the individual needs of each patient. Clinical guidelines recommend psycho-stimulant drugs as first-line treatments for adult patients with ADHD.
El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo crónico, complejo y multifactorial asociado con elevadas tasas de concurrencia con otros trastornos psiquiátricos, junto con problemas y repercusiones en diferentes áreas del funcionamiento del individuo. El TDAH no es exclusivo de la edad infanto-juvenil, estimándose una persistencia del 40-60% en la edad adulta, de modo que entre 2.5 y 5% de adultos continúan presentando este trastorno. La adolescencia es una etapa en la que se producen grandes y continuos cambios y que se asocia con una menor adherencia al tratamiento, una mayor vulnerabilidad a la aparición de problemas académicos, más conductas de riesgo, el inicio en el consumo de sustancias y la aparición de otros trastornos comórbidos. Se produce también la transición a los servicios o unidades de adultos, siendo necesaria una mayor coordinación entre los servicios infanto-juveniles y de adultos para asegurar una continuidad de la intervención en una etapa d e la vida en la que el paciente es especialmente vulnerable. Como en el caso de los niños y adolescentes, el tratamiento recomendado en el adulto con TDAH es el abordaje multimodal y multidisciplinar, que combina la medicación con estrategias psicológicas o psicosociales, como la psicoeducación, la terapia cognitivo conductual o el coaching, adaptadas a las necesidades individuales de cada paciente. Los fármacos psicoestimulantes son considerados de primera elección en adultos por las guías clínicas.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/therapy , Transition to Adult Care/standards , Treatment Adherence and Compliance/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Comorbidity , Female , Humans , Male , Patient Care Planning/standards , Young AdultABSTRACT
Among the main Spanish commercially available trademarks, we have selected a total of 25 samples of corn-based foods, which have the highest consume rate, to carry out the analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEA) and zearalenols (ZOL). The contents of mycotoxins were determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, and those of ZEA were confirmed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Of the 25 analyzed samples, the incidence of DON, ZEA and alfa-ZOL was 68, 44 and 24%, respectively; levels detected ranged from 29-195, 34-216, and 36-71 microg/kg, respectively. T-2 toxin was only detected in one sample (<50 microg/kg). Beta-ZOL was not present in excess of the detection limit in the investigated samples. The results suggest a risk for consumers of corn products and the need to monitor the final products before consumption. This is the first report in Spain on natural contamination with these mycotoxins in corn-based foods.
Subject(s)
Food Contamination , Food Microbiology , Trichothecenes/analysis , Zea mays/microbiology , Zearalenone/analysis , Zeranol/analogs & derivatives , Food Handling , Spain , T-2 Toxin/analysis , Zeranol/analysisABSTRACT
Preparation of 98% ee (R)-4-chloro-2-butanol was carried out by the enzymatic hydrolysis of chlorohydrin esters, using fungal resting cells and commercial enzymes. Hydrolyzes were carried out using lipases from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435), C. rugosa, Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme IM), Burkolia cepacia, and resting cells of Rhizopus oryzae and Aspergillus flavus. The influence of the enzyme, the solvent, the temperature, and the alkyl chain length on the selectivity of hydrolyzes of isomeric mixtures of chlorohydrin esters is described. Regioselectivity was higher than 95% for some of the tested lipases. Novozym 435 allowed preparation of the (R)-4-chloro-2-butanol after 15 min of reaction at 30-40 degrees C.
Subject(s)
Butanols/metabolism , Lipase/physiology , Aspergillus flavus/metabolism , Butanols/chemistry , Rhizopus/metabolism , Stereoisomerism , Structure-Activity Relationship , TemperatureABSTRACT
Se han seleccionado 25 muestras de alimentos derivados de maíz entre lasprincipales marcas y las de mayor consumo del mercado español.Éstas se han analizado para detectar la presencia natural de deoxinivalenol(DON), toxina T-2, zearalenona (ZEA) y afa- y ß-zearalenoles (ZOL). Loscontenidos de micotoxinas se han determinado por cromatografía de gasescon detector de ionización de llama, confirmando la presencia de zearalenonapor cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detector de fluorescencia.La incidencia de DON, ZEA y alfa-ZOL en las 25 muestras fue del 68, 44 y 24%,respectivamente; los niveles detectados variaron entre 29-195, 34-216,y 36-71 μg/kg, respectivamente. La toxina T-2 sólo se detectó en una de lasmuestras (< 50 μg/kg). Por último la micotoxina ß-ZOL no fue detectada porencima del límite de detección en ninguna de las muestras analizadas.La presencia de micotoxinas en este tipo de productos supone un riesgo parala salud de los consumidores e indica la necesidad de controlar estosproductos finales antes de ser consumidos. Este trabajo constituye el primerestudio sobre la presencia natural de estas micotoxinas en alimentosderivados de maíz presentes en el mercado español(AU)
Among the main Spanish commercially available trademarks, we have selecteda total of 25 samples of corn-based foods, which have the highest consumerate, to carry out the analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin, zearalenone(ZEA) and zearalenols (ZOL). The contents of mycotoxins were determined bygas chromatography with flame ionization detection, and those of ZEA wereconfirmed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Of the 25 analyzed samples,the incidence of DON, ZEA and alpha-ZOL was 68, 44 and 24%, respectively;levels detected ranged from 29-195, 34-216, and 36-71 μg/kg, respectively.T-2 toxin was only detected in one sample (< 50 μg/kg). ß-ZOL was notpresent in excess of the detection limit in the investigated samples.The results suggest a risk for consumers of corn products and the need tomonitor the final products before consumption. This is the first report in Spainon natural contamination with these mycotoxins in corn-based foods
