ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that population aging will continue to rise over the next few years, increasing cases of cognitive impairment. This requires having short, reliable and low-cost tests aimed at the early detection of cognitive disorders. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a widely used test that allows an initial screening of cognitive disorders. Regarding this test, there is no normative data for the Rosario Metropolitan Area, Argentina, in elderly subjects. OBJECTIVE: Obtain normative values for the MMSE test (language Spanish rioplatense version) in inhabitants of the Rosario Metropolitan Area, with ages 50 years and older. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MMSE was administered to 1126 subjects in the context of a campaign to prevent cognitive impairment. When applying the exclusion criteria, the sample was reduced to 824 subjects. RESULTS: Schooling and age influence the performance of the test, while gender had no incidence. The means and standard deviations are reported according to levels of schooling and age ranges. CONCLUSIONS: These norms indicate an unprecedented local frame of reference for the purpose of researching cognitive disorders in subjects 50 years of age and older.
Subject(s)
Cognition Disorders/diagnosis , Cognitive Dysfunction , Mental Status and Dementia Tests , Aged , Aging , Argentina , Cognition Disorders/epidemiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Cognitive Dysfunction/epidemiology , Humans , Middle Aged , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
Durante el transcurso de las últimas dos décadas, se ha generado un creciente interés científico en el estudio del desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas (EF) durante el periodo preescolar. Dicho interés, ha nacido en parte del notorio desarrollo que tales procesos experimentan durante este periodo. Asimismo, numerosas investigaciones han hallado un vínculo entre el rendimiento en tales procesos, y la presencia de diferentes trastornos psicopatológicos. El presente artículo, constituye una revisión del desarrollo de las EF durante el periodo preescolar. El objetivo que se persigue en el mismo, es describir los cambios observados a nivel cognitivo-comportamental en el FE durante este periodo; vinculándolos a sus posibles bases anatómico-funcionales. Asimismo, se procurará analizar el impacto de algunos factores considerados moduladores de este proceso sobre el mismo. Se concluirá destacando la necesidad de profundizar en el estudio de los factores moduladores de tal desarrollo, dada la importancia que las EF presentarían para la adaptación del individuo al ambiente.
During the course of the last two decades, there has been a growing scientific intresting in the study of exective functions development during preschool years. This interesting arise in part in these processes experience considerable development during this period. Also, numerous studies have found a link between performance in these processes and the presence of different psychopathological disorders. This article is a review of EF development during preschool years. The objective pursued in it, is to describe the observed changes in EF in cognitive-behavioral level during this period, linking them to those potential anatomical -functional bases. Although, we will analyze the impact of some factors considered modulators of this process. We concluded emphasizing the need for further study of the factors modulating such development, given the importance of EF for individual's adaptation to the environment.
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Executive Function , Child, PreschoolABSTRACT
Las funciones ejecutivas constituyen un controvertido constructo, bajo el cual se han agrupado diferentes procesos cognitivos asociadas al control consciente del pensamiento, comportamiento y afectividad. Gran parte de los mismos, comienzan su desarrollo en la infancia, culminando dicho proceso a fines de la adolescencia. A nivel anatómico, el funcionamiento ejecutivo (FE) ha sido vinculado a la actividad de la corteza prefrontal y la corteza cingulada, entre otras regiones cerebrales. El objetivo del presente artículo, es realizar una revisión de los cambios en la actividad cortical que han sido asociados a las mejoras en el FE durante la infancia y adolescencia. Para tal fin, se realizará una recopilación de diversos estudios con fMRI comparativos de la performance y actividad neuronal de infantes, adolescentes y adultos; durante la ejecución de tareas de FE. Se concluirá resaltando la necesidad de ampliar el número de estudios comparativos con tales características. Dichas investigaciones, podrían facilitar el diseño de estrategias preventivas y terapéuticas más específicas para el abordaje de las diferentes patologías asociadas al FE.
Executive functions is a controversial construct, under which are grouped different cognitive processes associated with conscious control of thought, behavior and emotion. Much of them, begin their development in childhood, finishing it in late adolescence. In the anatomical level, executive function (EF) has been linked to the activity of the prefrontal cortex and the cingulate cortex, among other brain regions. The purpose of this article is to review the changes in cortical activity that has been associated with improvements in EF during childhood and adolescence. To this goal, there will be a compilation of several fMRI studies that compare the performance and neuronal activity between infants, adolescents and adults during the performance of EF tasks. It will conclude by stressing the need to expand the number of comparative studies with such characteristics. Such research may facilitate the design of preventive and therapeutic strategies for addressing numerous pathologies associated with the FE.
