Ductus arterioso persistente y morbilidades intrahospitalarias en Recién Nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer

Introducción: El ductus arterioso persistente (DAP) es el defecto cardiocirculatorio más frecuente en prematuros, está inversamente relacionado con la edad gestacional y el peso al nacimiento; y se asocia a diversas complicaciones. Objetivo: Evaluar la morbilidad asociada a la presencia de ductus arterioso persistente (DAP) en Recién Nacidos de muy bajo peso al nacer (RMBPN). Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte de RMBPN admitidos en la UCIN, de enero de 2013 a diciembre de 2015. Excluidos RN con malformaciones congénitas, fallecidos en sala de parto, fallecidos el primer día de vida asociados a asfixia perinatal severa y trasladados a otras instituciones. Las características basales fueron: peso, edad gestacional, sexo, control prenatal, hipertensión materna, embarazo múltiple, restricción del crecimiento, corticoide prenatal, ruptura prolongada de membranas, tipo de parto, Apgar. Las morbilidades analizadas fueron: distres respiratorio (SDR), hemorragia pulmonar, enterocolitis necrozante (ECN), hemorragia intraventricular (HIV), sepsis, soporte respiratorio, broncodisplasia pulmonar (DBP), ruptura alveolar, retinopatía del prematuro (ROP), días de internación y muerte. Se consignaron los datos en SSPS 17 y Epi info 7.2, se aplicó la prueba X² o Fischer, t de Student o la prueba de Mann Whitney. Significancia p< 0,05 con intervalo de confianza 95%. Resultados: Se incluyeron 131 RN, con DAP 62 y sin DAP 69, cuyas características basales fueron similares, salvo el uso de corticoides prenatales para el grupo sin DAP (p 0.035) RR 0,7 (0,5-0,9). Los RN con DAP tuvieron SDR (p 0,0003) RR 1,5 (1,1-1,9), hemorragia pulmonar (p 0,024) RR 8,9 (1,1-69), ventilación mecánica (p 0,0001) RR 1,7(1,3-2,2), oxígeno a los 28 días (p 0,001) RR 2,2 (1,3-3,8), mayor duración de NPT (p 0.01), trasfusiones (p 0,01) RR 1,7(1,3-2,2), HIV (p 0,003) RR 2,1 (1,2-3,6), BDP (p 0,0001) RR 2,6(1,5-4,5), y mayor cantidad de días de internación (p 0,008). Riesgo de muerte (p 0,001) RR 3,5 (1,5-8,2). Sin asociación con ENC (p 0,195), ROP (p 0,739), Sepsis clínica (p 0,123) ni sepsis tardía (p 0,12). Conclusión: Los RMBN con DAP tuvieron mayor riesgo de muerte y morbilidades graves en comparación con los que no desarrollaron DAP.

Introduction: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is the most frequent cardiocirculatory defect in preterm infants; it is inversely related to gestational age and birth weight; it is also associated with various complications. Objective: To determine the intrahospital morbidities in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) with and without PDA. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of cases and controls nested in a cohort of VLBWI admitted in the NICU, from January 2013 to December 2015. We excluded newborns with congenital malformations, who died in the delivery room, who died on the first day of life because of severe perinatal asphyxia or who were transferred to other institutions. The baseline characteristics were: weight, gestational age, sex, prenatal, maternal hypertension, multiple pregnancy, growth restriction, prenatal corticosteroids, prolonged rupture of membranes, type of delivery, and Apgar score. The morbidities analyzed were respiratory distress (RDS), pulmonary hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), sepsis, respiratory support, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), alveolar rupture, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and death. The data were recorded in SSPS 17 and Epi info 7.2, the X² or Fischer test, Student t test and the Mann Whitney test were applied. Significance was defined as p <0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. Results: We included 131 newborns, 62 with PDA and 69 without PDA, whose baseline characteristics were similar, except for the use of prenatal corticosteroids in the group without PDA (p 0.035) RR 0.7 (0.5-0.9). Newborns with PDA had more RDS (p 0.0003) RR 1.5 (1.1-1.9), pulmonary hemorrhage (p 0.024) RR 8.9 (1,1-69), mechanical ventilation (p 0, 0001) RR 1.7 (1.3-2.2), oxygen at 28 days (p 0.001) RR 2.2 (1.3-3.8), longer duration of TPN (p 0.01), transfusions (p 0.01) RR 1.7 (1.3-2.2), IVH (p 0.003) RR 2.1 (1.2-3.6), BPD (p 0.0001) RR 2.6 1.5-4.5), more hospitalization days (p 0.008) and a risk of death (p 0.001) RR 3.5 (1.5-8.2). No association with was observed with NEC (p 0.195), ROP (p 0.739), clinical sepsis (p 0.123) or late sepsis (p0.12). Conclusion: VLBWI with PDA had a higher risk of death and severe morbidity compared to those who did not have PDA.

Physical activity from menarche to first pregnancy and risk of breast cancer.

Breast tissue is particularly susceptible to exposures between menarche and first pregnancy, and a longer interval between these reproductive events is associated with elevated breast cancer risk. Physical activity during this time period may offset breast cancer risk, particularly for those at highest risk with longer menarche-to-first-pregnancy intervals. We used data from 65,576 parous women in the Nurses' Health Study II free of cancer in 1989 (baseline) and recalled their leisure-time physical activity at ages 12-34 in 1997. Current activity was collected at baseline and over follow-up. Relative risks (RRs) were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. Between 1989 and 2011, 2,069 invasive breast cancer cases were identified. Total recreational activity between menarche and first pregnancy was not significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer. However, physical activity between menarche and first pregnancy was associated with significantly lower breast cancer risk among women in the highest category of a menarche-to first-pregnancy interval (≥20 years; RR for the highest versus the lowest quartile = 0.73, 95% confidence interval = 0.55-0.97; Ptrend = 0.045; Pinteraction = 0.048). This was not observed in women with a shorter interval. Physical activity between menarche and first pregnancy was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among women with at least 20 years between these reproductive events. This may provide a modifiable factor that women can intervene on to mitigate their breast cancer risk associated with a longer interval.

Severe Acute Pulmonary Toxicity Associated with Brentuximab in a Patient with Refractory Hodgkin's Lymphoma.

Acute pulmonary toxicity associated with brentuximab appears to be a rare but serious adverse effect that can be potentially fatal. We report the case of a twenty-nine-year-old female with Hodgkin's lymphoma who was treated with brentuximab and later presented with severe acute pulmonary toxicity; she improved after the discontinuation of brentuximab and administration of antibiotics and glucocorticoid therapy. Currently there is very little data in the literature in regard to the clinical manifestations and characteristics of patients taking brentuximab and the potential development of acute severe pulmonary toxicity, as well as the appropriate therapeutic approach, making this particular case of successful treatment and resolution unique.

Multiple Healthful Dietary Patterns and Type 2 Diabetes in the Women's Health Initiative.

The relationship between various diet quality indices and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unsettled. We compared associations of 4 diet quality indices--the Alternate Mediterranean Diet Index, Healthy Eating Index 2010, Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010, and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Index--with reported T2D in the Women's Health Initiative, overall, by race/ethnicity, and with/without adjustment for overweight/obesity at enrollment (a potential mediator). This cohort (n = 101,504) included postmenopausal women without T2D who completed a baseline food frequency questionnaire from which the 4 diet quality index scores were derived. Higher scores on the indices indicated a better diet. Cox regression was used to estimate multivariate hazard ratios for T2D. Pearson coefficients for correlation among the indices ranged from 0.55 to 0.74. Follow-up took place from 1993 to 2013. During a median 15 years of follow-up, 10,815 incident cases of T2D occurred. For each diet quality index, a 1-standard-deviation higher score was associated with 10%-14% lower T2D risk (P < 0.001). Adjusting for overweight/obesity at enrollment attenuated but did not eliminate associations to 5%-10% lower risk per 1-standard-deviation higher score (P < 0.001). For all 4 dietary indices examined, higher scores were inversely associated with T2D overall and across racial/ethnic groups. Multiple forms of a healthful diet were inversely associated with T2D in these postmenopausal women.

Comparison of Self-Reported Sleep Duration With Actigraphy: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sueño Ancillary Study.

Most studies of sleep and health outcomes rely on self-reported sleep duration, although correlation with objective measures is poor. In this study, we defined sociodemographic and sleep characteristics associated with misreporting and assessed whether accounting for these factors better explains variation in objective sleep duration among 2,086 participants in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos who completed more than 5 nights of wrist actigraphy and reported habitual bed/wake times from 2010 to 2013. Using linear regression, we examined self-report as a predictor of actigraphy-assessed sleep duration. Mean amount of time spent asleep was 7.85 (standard deviation, 1.12) hours by self-report and 6.74 (standard deviation, 1.02) hours by actigraphy; correlation between them was 0.43. For each additional hour of self-reported sleep, actigraphy time spent asleep increased by 20 minutes (95% confidence interval: 19, 22). Correlations between self-reported and actigraphy-assessed time spent asleep were lower with male sex, younger age, sleep efficiency <85%, and night-to-night variability in sleep duration ≥1.5 hours. Adding sociodemographic and sleep factors to self-reports increased the proportion of variance explained in actigraphy-assessed sleep slightly (18%-32%). In this large validation study including Hispanics/Latinos, we demonstrated a moderate correlation between self-reported and actigraphy-assessed time spent asleep. The performance of self-reports varied by demographic and sleep measures but not by Hispanic subgroup.

Association between sleeping difficulty and type 2 diabetes in women.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Sleeping difficulty has been associated with type 2 diabetes in some prior studies. Whether the observed associations are independent of health behaviours, other cardiovascular risk factors or other sleep disorders is unclear. METHODS: We analysed data from 133,353 women without diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 2000-2010) and the NHSII (2001-2011). Sleeping difficulty was assessed as having difficulty falling or staying asleep 'all of the time' or 'most of the time' at baseline (2000 in NHS and 2001 in NHSII). RESULTS: We documented 6,407 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during up to 10 years of follow-up. After adjustment for lifestyle factors at baseline, comparing women with and without sleeping difficulty, the multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) for type 2 diabetes was 1.45 (95% CI 1.33, 1.58), which changed to 1.22 (95% CI 1.12, 1.34) after further adjustment for hypertension, depression and BMI based on the updated repeated measurements. Women who reported all four sleep conditions (sleeping difficulty, frequent snoring, sleep duration ≤6 h and sleep apnoea in NHS or rotating shift work in NHSII) had more than a fourfold increased likelihood of type 2 diabetes (HR 4.17, 95% CI 2.93, 5.91). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Sleeping difficulty was significantly associated with type 2 diabetes. This association was partially explained by associations with hypertension, BMI and depression symptoms, and was particularly strong when combined with other sleep disorders. Our findings highlight the importance of sleep disturbance in the development and prevention of type 2 diabetes.

Long-term changes in sleep duration, energy balance and risk of type 2 diabetes.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Baseline sleep duration has a U-shaped relationship with type 2 diabetes, but little research examines the associated changes. We examined long-term changes in sleep duration and concomitant changes in diet, physical activity, weight and subsequent diabetes. METHODS: The cohort includes 59,031 women aged 55-83 years in the Nurses' Health Study without diabetes in 2000. Change in sleep duration is the difference between self-reported 24 h sleep duration in 1986 and 2000. Diet, physical activity and covariates were updated every 2-4 years. Self-reported diabetes was confirmed via validated questionnaires. Cox regression models were adjusted for 1986 sleep duration and 1986 values of diabetes risk factors, including BMI, and subsequently for change in covariates from 1986 to 2000. RESULTS: We documented 3,513 incident diabetes cases through to 2012. Compared with no change, decreases in sleep duration were adversely associated with changes in diet quality and physical activity, while increases were associated with greater weight gain. After adjustment for 1986 covariates, HRs (95% CI) for ≤ -2, > -2 to < 0, > 0 to < 2 and ≥ 2 h/day changes in sleep duration (vs no change) were 1.09 (0.93, 1.28), 1.10 (1.001, 1.12), 1.09 (1.00, 1.18) and 1.30 (1.14, 1.46), respectively. Additional adjustment for diet and physical activity did not appreciably alter the results. Increases in sleep duration ≥ 2 h/day remained adversely associated with diabetes (HR [95% CI]: 1.15 [1.01, 1.30]) after adjustment for change in covariates, including BMI. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Increases in sleep duration among middle-aged and older women were modestly associated with risk of diabetes; changes in diet, physical activity and BMI did not explain associations.

Chronic insufficient sleep and diet quality: Contributors to childhood obesity.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of chronic insufficient sleep with diet and whether diet explains the sleep-adiposity relationship. METHODS: In Project Viva, 1,046 parents reported children's sleep duration at 6 m and annually until midchildhood (7 y). The main exposure was a sleep curtailment score (6 m-7 y) ranging from 0 (maximal curtailment) to 13 (adequate sleep). In mid-childhood, parents reported children's diet; researchers measured height/weight. Multivariable linear regression assessed associations of sleep with diet (Youth Healthy Eating Index [YHEI]); sleep with BMI z-score adjusting for YHEI; and, secondarily, joint associations of sleep and YHEI with BMI. RESULTS: Mean (SD) sleep and YHEI scores were 10.21 (2.71) and 58.76 (10.37). Longer sleep duration was associated with higher YHEI in mid-childhood (0.59 points/unit sleep score; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.86). Although higher YHEI was associated with lower BMI z-score (-0.07 units/10-point increase; 95% CI: -0.13, -0.01), adjustment for YHEI did not attenuate sleep-BMI associations. Children with sleep and YHEI scores below the median (<11 and <60) had BMI z-scores 0.34 units higher (95% CI: 0.16, 0.51) than children with sleep and YHEI scores above the median. CONCLUSIONS: While parent-reported diet did not explain inverse associations of sleep with adiposity, both sufficient sleep and high-quality diets are important to obesity prevention.

Joint associations of insomnia and sleep duration with prevalent diabetes: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL).

BACKGROUND: Inadequate sleep quantity and quality are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. This relationship is not well-examined in U.S. Hispanics/Latinos, and prior analyses may be confounded by sleep apnea. This cross-sectional study examined joint associations of sleep duration and insomnia with diabetes among diverse U.S. Hispanic/Latinos. METHODS: Baseline data on sleep quantity and quality were obtained from 15,227 participants (mean age 41; range 18-74 years) from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Complex survey multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between prevalent diabetes and six phenotypes defined by cross-classifying sleep duration (short ≤6 h, average >6-9 h, long >9 h) and insomnia, adjusting for sex, age, site and Hispanic/Latino background interaction, education, physical activity, diet quality, and sleep apnea. RESULTS: In the weighted population, 14% had diabetes, 28% had insomnia, 9% were short sleepers, and 19% were long sleepers. Compared with those with average sleep and no insomnia, those with short sleep and insomnia were more likely to have diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02, 2.11). Average sleepers with insomnia (1.28; 95% CI 1.02, 1.61) and long sleepers without insomnia (1.33; 95% CI 1.07, 1.65) also had elevated odds of diabetes. Further adjustment for body mass index attenuated associations, except with long sleep without insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: Both decreased quantity and quality of sleep are associated with diabetes in Hispanic/Latinos, with the greatest odds among those with short sleep duration and insomnia. The association is largely explained by obesity.

Agenesia Traqueal. Anomalía congénita rara con alta mortalidad / Tracheal Agenesis. a Rare Congenital Anomaly with High-Mortality

Introducción: La agenesia traqueal es una malformación congénita muy rara, incompatible con la vida, el defecto consiste en una ausencia parcial o total de la tráquea debajo de la laringe permitiendo que el tracto respiratorio inferior se conecte con el tracto gastrointestinal por medio de una fístula traqueó-esofágica distal. Caso Clínico: Se presenta el caso clínico de un recién nacido, con antecedente materno de polihidramnios, nace con dificultad respiratoria, ausencia de llanto y dificultad para la intubación orotraqueal, Apgar 4/8, pasa a Unidad de Cuidados Intensivo neonatales (UCIN) y es conectado a Asistencia Respiratoria Mecánica (ARM) a las 6hs de vida se extuba en forma accidental, con imposibilidad para la reintubación, se realizan Tomografía de cuello y tórax donde se constata agenesia traqueal con fistula traqueoesofágica distal, sin otras malformaciones congénitas asociadas, se realizan varias cirugías paliativas. A pesar de todos los esfuerzos médicos, el paciente fallece a los 6 días de vida, ante colapso de vías aéreas. Discusión: Se presenta este caso por ser la agenesia traqueal una malformación extremadamente rara, y con muy pocos casos descriptos en la literatura. Es el primer caso en nuestro hospital, se presenta como un caso clínico complejo, de manejo multidisciplinario, sometido a varias cirugías paliativas, el paciente fallece, la evolución es generalmente fatal y de mal pronóstico debido a que aún no se han desarrollado técnicas adecuadas de reemplazo traqueal .

Introduction: Tracheal a genesis is a very rare congenital malformation that is incompatible with life.The anomaly consists of the partial or total absence of the trache a below the larynx that allows connection of the lower respiratory...

Longitudinal associations of sleep curtailment with metabolic risk in mid-childhood.

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of chronic insufficient sleep with mid-childhood cardiometabolic health. METHODS: At 6 months and yearly from 1 to 7 years, mothers participating in the Project Viva cohort reported children's 24-h sleep duration. The main exposure was a sleep curtailment score, ranging from 0 (maximal curtailment) to 13 (never having curtailed sleep). The main outcome was a mid-childhood metabolic risk score, derived as the mean of five sex- and cohort-specific z scores for waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol (scaled inversely), and log-transformed triglycerides and HOMA-IR; higher scores indicate higher risk. RESULTS: The mean (SD) sleep score was 10.0 (2.8); 5.1% scored 0-4, 13.9% scored 5-7, 14.1% scored 8-9, 28.7% scored 10-11, and 38.3% scored 12-13. Mean (SD, range) metabolic risk score was -0.03 (0.6, -1.8 to 2.6). In multivariable models, the metabolic risk score difference for children with most versus least curtailed sleep was 0.29 units (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.57). Further adjustment for mid-childhood BMI z score attenuated this difference to 0.08 units (95% CI: -0.14, 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic insufficient sleep from infancy to school-age was associated with higher mid-childhood metabolic risk. This association was explained by sleep duration's influence on mid-childhood adiposity.

Television viewing, bedroom television, and sleep duration from infancy to mid-childhood.

BACKGROUND: Television and insufficient sleep are associated with poor mental and physical health. This study assessed associations of TV viewing and bedroom TV with sleep duration from infancy to midchildhood. METHOD: We studied 1864 children in Project Viva. Parents reported children's average daily TV viewing and sleep (at 6 months and annually from 1-7 years) and the presence of a bedroom TV (annually 4-7 years). We used mixed effects models to assess associations of TV exposures with contemporaneous sleep, adjusting for child age, gender, race/ethnicity, maternal education, and income. RESULTS: Six hundred forty-three children (35%) were racial/ethnic minorities; 37% of households had incomes ≤$70 000. From 6 months to 7 years, mean (SD) sleep duration decreased from 12.2 (2.0) hours to 9.8 (0.9) hours per day; TV viewing increased from 0.9 (1.2) hours to 1.6 (1.0) hours per day. At 4 years, 17% had a bedroom TV, rising to 23% at 7 years. Each 1 hour per day increase in lifetime TV viewing was associated with 7 minutes per day (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4 to 10) shorter sleep. The association of bedroom TV varied by race/ethnicity; bedroom TV was associated with 31 minutes per day shorter sleep (95% CI: 16 to 45) among racial/ethnic minority children, but not among white, non-Hispanic children (8 fewer minutes per day [95% CI: -19 to 2]). CONCLUSIONS: More TV viewing, and, among racial/ethnic minority children, the presence of a bedroom TV, were associated with shorter sleep from infancy to midchildhood.

Dengue de transmisión vertical: revisión de una serie de casos / Vertical transmission of dengue: review of a case series

Introducción: El dengue es la enfermedad viral trasmitida por mosquitos más común en la raza humana. La transmisión vertical del virus del dengue ha sido descrita de manera esporádica y se tiene que tener en cuenta, esta modalidad de trasmisión, en los neonatos, más aún en períodos epidémicos. Objetivo: Presentar una serie de casos de neonatos con fiebre dengue atendidos en el Departamento de Neonatología del Hospital de Clínicas de San Lorenzo, Paraguay. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos. Se han presentado en total diez neonatos, hijos de madre con fiebre dengue en el periparto, que luego han desarrollado la enfermedad. De los estudios auxiliares de laboratorio practicados se tienen hemogramas seriados y dosaje de antígeno NS1. En algunos casos, se indicó serología IgM específica. Resultados: Se registró diez casos de dengue de trasmisión vertical entre los años 2011 a 2013. El 70% fue del sexo masculino; 70% nació a término y con peso adecuado. El 60% ya se hallaba internado al momento del diagnóstico y el 40% restante fue reingreso. El 100% presentó fiebre y el 30% manifestaciones cutáneas. El inicio de síntomas tuvo un promedio de 6,6 días. El tiempo de internación fue de un promedio de 11,7 días. Seis pacientes requirieron expansiones e hidratación parenteral. La extravasación capilar se observó en la mitad de los casos. Se presentó leucopenia (80%), hematocrito que en el promedio de casos fue 57,4% (con 80% de neonatos con hemoconcentración); plaquetopenia moderada a severa (90%), con un pico mínimo entre el cuarto y sexto día de enfermedad. La antigenemia NS1 fue positiva (90%), y la serología IgM positiva (40%). El 100% de los recién nacidos fue dado de alta. Conclusión: Ante esto, sería prudente observar a estos neonatos en un medio hospitalario hasta los siete días de vida. Urge elaborar un protocolo de manejo de los casos de dengue en el embarazo y en los recién nacidos en base a la experiencia actual.

Feasibility and impact of Creciendo Sanos, a clinic-based pilot intervention to prevent obesity among preschool children in Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: Mexico has the highest adult overweight and obesity prevalence in the Americas; 23.8% of children <5 years old are at risk for overweight and 9.7% are already overweight or obese. Creciendo Sanos was a pilot intervention to prevent obesity among preschoolers in Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) clinics. METHODS: We randomized 4 IMSS primary care clinics to either 6 weekly educational sessions promoting healthful nutrition and physical activity or usual care. We recruited 306 parent-child pairs: 168 intervention, 138 usual care. Children were 2-5 years old with WHO body mass index (BMI) z-score 0-3. We measured children's height and weight and parents reported children's diet and physical activity at baseline and 3 and 6-month follow-up. We analyzed behavioral and BMI outcomes with generalized mixed models incorporating multiple imputation for missing values. RESULTS: 93 (55%) intervention and 96 (70%) usual care families completed 3 and 6-month follow-up. At 3 months, intervention v. usual care children increased vegetables by 6.3 servings/week (95% CI, 1.8, 10.8). In stratified analyses, intervention participants with high program adherence (5-6 sessions) decreased snacks and screen time and increased vegetables v. usual care. No further effects on behavioral outcomes or BMI were observed. Transportation time and expenses were barriers to adherence. 90% of parents who completed the post-intervention survey were satisfied with the program. CONCLUSIONS: Although satisfaction was high among participants, barriers to participation and retention included transportation cost and time. In intention to treat analyses, we found intervention effects on vegetable intake, but not other behaviors or BMI. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01539070.Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica del IMSS: 2009-785-120.

Participant characteristics and intervention processes associated with reductions in television viewing in the High Five for Kids study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the High Five for Kids intervention effect on television within subgroups, examine participant characteristics associated with process measures and assess perceived helpfulness of television intervention components. METHOD: High Five (randomized controlled trial of 445 overweight/obese 2-7 year-olds in Massachusetts [2006-2008]) reduced television by 0.36 h/day. 1-year effects on television viewing, stratified by subgroup, were assessed using linear regression. Among intervention participants (n=253), associations of intervention component helpfulness with television reduction were examined using linear regression and associations of participant characteristics with processes linked to television reduction (choosing television and completing intervention visits) were examined using logistic regression. RESULTS: High Five reduced television across subgroups. Parents of Latino (versus white) children had lower odds of completing ≥2 study visits (Odds Ratio: 0.39 [95% Confidence Interval: 0.18, 0.84]). Parents of black (versus white) children had higher odds of choosing television (Odds Ratio: 2.23 [95% Confidence Interval: 1.08, 4.59]), as did parents of obese (versus overweight) children and children watching ≥2 h/day (versus <2) at baseline. Greater perceived helpfulness was associated with greater television reduction. CONCLUSION: Clinic-based motivational interviewing reduces television viewing in children. Low cost education approaches (e.g., printed materials) may be well-received. Parents of children at higher obesity risk could be more motivated to reduce television.

Obesity-related behaviors of US- and non-US-born parents and children in low-income households.

OBJECTIVE: To examine differences in obesity-related behaviors by parental US-born status among low-income, minority families participating in Healthy Habits, Happy Homes, an intervention trial to improve household routines for childhood obesity prevention. Evidence suggests lower obesity risk among adult immigrants, but research is inconclusive regarding the influence of having a non-US-born parent on childhood obesity. METHOD: We sampled 57 US-born and 64 non-US-born families of children aged 2 to 5.9 years living in the Boston area. At baseline, parents reported their own screen time, physical activity, diet, and sleep as well as their children's behaviors. We used linear and logistic regression to examine the association of parental US-born status with obesity-related behaviors. RESULTS: Mean (SD) body mass index z score was 0.94 (1.16), and it did not differ between the groups. After adjusting for parental education and child race/ethnicity, children of non-US-born (vs US-born) parents had later bedtimes (0.81 hours later; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37-1.25) and wake-up times (0.56 hours later; 95% CI, 0.16-0.95) and engaged in less active play (0.15 fewer hr/d; 95% CI, -0.28 to -0.01). Non-US-born (vs US-born) parents had less screen exposure. CONCLUSION: In this cross-section of low-income, urban families, having a parent born outside the United States was associated with a profile of risk and protective behavior; adjustment for education and race/ethnicity removed the protective associations of parental nativity with child behavior. Obesity-related differences in behaviors and home environments should be considered when designing interventions targeting low-income communities with a high proportion of non-US-born participants.

Randomized trial of early bubble continuous positive airway pressure for very low birth weight infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs), initially supported with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and then selectively treated with the INSURE (intubation, surfactant, and extubation to CPAP; CPAP/INSURE) protocol, need less mechanical ventilation than those supported with supplemental oxygen, surfactant, and mechanical ventilation if required (Oxygen/mechanical ventilation [MV]). STUDY DESIGN: In a multicenter randomized controlled trial, spontaneously breathing VLBWIs weighing 800-1500 g were allocated to receive either therapy. In the CPAP/INSURE group, if respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) did not occur, CPAP was discontinued after 3-6 hours. If RDS developed and the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO(2)) was >0.35, the INSURE protocol was indicated. Failure criteria included FiO(2) >0.60, severe apnea or respiratory acidosis, and receipt of more than 2 doses of surfactant. In the Oxygen/MV group, in the presence of RDS, supplemental oxygen without CPAP was given, and if FiO(2) was >0.35, surfactant and mechanical ventilation were provided. RESULTS: A total of 256 patients were randomized to either the CPAP/INSURE group (n = 131) or the Oxygen/MV group (n = 125). The need for mechanical ventilation was lower in the CPAP/INSURE group (29.8% vs 50.4%; P = .001), as was the use of surfactant (27.5% vs 46.4%; P = .002). There were no differences in death, pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and other complications of prematurity between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: CPAP and early selective INSURE reduced the need for mechanical ventilation and surfactant in VLBWIs without increasing morbidity and death. These results may be particularly relevant for resource-limited regions.