ABSTRACT
In the last decade, conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) have become a new tool for law enforcement agencies as an alternative to firearms. They provide security in the intervention for both the police and the citizen and try to cause the least possible harm to the subject to immobilize.The health care providers who perform in joint actions with the police in which CEWs are used should be aware of how they work, risk groups, as well as the most frequent clinical effects associated with the application of electrical discharge, and the complications that can be produced according to the area of impact of the electrodes.For this purpose, the current medical literature was reviewed by consulting the main health care sciences database (PubMed) to determine the medical measures to be taken before, during, and after the use of these weapons. Also presented and shared is the Zaragoza (Spain) Fire Department protocol.
Subject(s)
Firearms , Police , Humans , Law Enforcement , Spain , WeaponsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This case series explored the usefulness of an inhaled dose of 9.1 mg of loxapine administered outside the hospital to treat psychomotor agitation related to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or schizoaffective disorder. The Clinical Global Impression Scale and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (excitement component) were used to assess the effects of treatment in 14 patients. The treatment was useful in 12 patients, who showed significant improvement (P<.001) after inhalation. We conclude that inhaled loxapine is useful for treating out-of-hospital psychomotor agitation related to a psychiatric disorder. Mechanical restraint and parenteral medication can be avoided after use of this drug. Loxapine treatment shortens the agitation episode and attenuates the impact on the patient, facilitating ambulance transfer.
OBJETIVO: El presente artículo evalúa la utilidad de la dosis de 9,1 mg de loxapina inhalada, administrada en el medio extrahospitalario, en el tratamiento de la agitación psicomotriz asociada a esquizofrenia, trastorno bipolar y trastorno esquizoafectivo. Se emplearon la Escala de Impresión Clínica Global y la Escala de Síntomas Positivos y Negativos - Componente de Excitación. Se atendieron un total de catorce pacientes. En doce de ellos el tratamiento se mostró útil, con una diferencia significativa entre los momentos previos y posteriores al tratamiento (p < 0,001). Se concluye que la loxapina inhalada es una opción útil en el medio extrahospitalario para el control de la agitación psicomotriz de causa psiquiátrica. Evita la contención mecánica y la necesidad de terapia farmacológica por vía parenteral. El tratamiento permite acortar la duración del episodio y atenuar su repercusión en el paciente, sin producir sedación y facilitando su traslado en ambulancia.
Subject(s)
Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use , Loxapine/therapeutic use , Psychomotor Agitation/drug therapy , Administration, Inhalation , Adult , Aged , Antipsychotic Agents/administration & dosage , Bipolar Disorder/complications , Drug Evaluation , Emergencies , Female , Humans , Loxapine/administration & dosage , Male , Middle Aged , Psychomotor Agitation/etiology , Psychotic Disorders/complications , Retrospective Studies , Schizophrenia/complications , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
El presente artículo evalúa la utilidad de la dosis de 9,1 mg de loxapina inhalada, administrada en el medio extrahospitalario, en el tratamiento de la agitación psicomotriz asociada a esquizofrenia, trastorno bipolar y trastorno esquizoafectivo. Se emplearon la Escala de Impresión Clínica Global y la Escala de Síntomas Positivos y Negativos - Componente de Excitación. Se atendieron un total de catorce pacientes. En doce de ellos el tratamiento se mostró útil, con una diferencia significativa entre los momentos previos y posteriores al tratamiento (p < 0,001). Se concluye que la loxapina inhalada es una opción útil en el medio extrahospitalario para el control de la agitación psicomotriz de causa psiquiátrica. Evita la contención mecánica y la necesidad de terapia farmacológica por vía parenteral. El tratamiento permite acortar la duración del episodio y atenuar su repercusión en el paciente, sin producir sedación y facilitando su traslado en ambulancia (AU)
This case series explored the usefulness of an inhaled dose of 9.1 mg of loxapine administered outside the hospital to treat psychomotor agitation related to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or schizoaffective disorder. The Clinical Global Impression Scale and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (excitement component) were used to assess the effects of treatment in 14 patients. The treatment was useful in 12 patients, who showed significant improvement (P<.001) after inhalation. We conclude that inhaled loxapine is useful for treating out-of-hospital psychomotor agitation related to a psychiatric disorder. Mechanical restraint and parenteral medication can be avoided after use of this drug. Loxapine treatment shortens the agitation episode and attenuates the impact on the patient, facilitating ambulance transfer (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Psychomotor Agitation/drug therapy , Loxapine/administration & dosage , Schizophrenia/drug therapy , Psychotic Disorders/drug therapy , Bipolar Disorder/drug therapy , Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Emergency Treatment/methods , Retrospective Studies , Administration, InhalationABSTRACT
Rapid and effective control of agitated patients is crucial for ensuring their safety and proper management. We present a case series of 12 agitated psychiatric patients who were suitable for treatment with inhaled loxapine in the prehospital emergency setting. Two refused its administration and two required additional treatment. Loxapine was effective within 2-10 minutes, with no adverse effects or sedation. In our experience the use of inhaled loxapine enabled rapid and non-coercive control of agitation in most psychiatric patients, allowing us to avoid mechanical restraint and injectable drugs, and facilitating the transportation and transfer of the patients.
