Tylenol Extended Relief overdose.

In this report we describe the toxicokinetics of the Tylenol Extended Relief (TER) preparation of acetaminophen in human overdose. We collected 41 cases of TER overdose from five regional poison centers. Patients who met the following criteria were studied: a single ingestion of TER alone; confirmed time of ingestion; at least four acetaminophen determinations; and normal concentrations of liver function enzymes. With the exception of standard decontamination measures, treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) if any acetaminophen level was above the treatment line of the Rumack-Matthew nomogram, and additional acetaminophen determinations, no interventions were recommended. Our study group comprised 13 patients, 12 female and 1 male, with single overdoses of 10.4 to 65 g TER. The acetaminophen elimination half-life was 3.1 +/- .8 hours (mean +/- SD; range, 1.3 to 4.0 hours; n = 12). The elimination phase for patients 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13 was delayed until 8.0 +/- 2.8 hours (range, 5 to 14 hours) after ingestion. Patients 3, 8, and 11--who had initial acetaminophen levels below the "possible toxicity" line of the Rumack-Matthew nomogram--later had acetaminophen levels above this line. No patient demonstrated a late or second acetaminophen peak. We conclude that the elimination half-life of TER acetaminophen is similar to that reported in overdose of immediate-release acetaminophen overdose. In a subgroup of patients, drug absorption continued beyond the 2 to 4 hours previously reported in immediate-release acetaminophen overdose. On the basis of our data, the use of a single 4-hour acetaminophen determination may lead to failure to recognize patients with potentially toxic TER ingestion. Until more toxicokinetic data are available, a reasonable approach would be to obtain at least one additional acetaminophen determination at least 4 to 6 hours after the first, if the first is obtained 4 to 8 hours after ingestion. NAC treatment should be initiated if either level is above the nomogram line but not if both levels fall below the nomogram line.

Hazards of nonprescription medications.

There are hundreds of nonprescription medications available to the consumer. Among these are a number that have potential for toxicity when taken in overdoses or in combination with other medications. This article addresses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of selected over-the-counter medication intoxications including antihistamines, dextromethorphan, sympathomimetics, nutritional supplements, and herbal preparations.