Relation between respiratory activity and sperm parameters in boar spermatozoa cryopreserved with alpha-tocopherol and selected by Sephadex.

Our aim was to evaluate the effect of Sephadex filtration on respiratory activity of porcine spermatozoa and its relation with quality and functional sperm parameters. Samples were evaluated regarding oxygen uptake and sperm parameters: motility, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity, capacitation and acrosome reaction induction in vitro, plasma membrane functionality, determined by the hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), and lipid peroxidation assessed by thiobarbituric acid assay. Sephadex filtration improved all routine quality parameters (motility, plasma and acrosome membrane integrity) and functional parameters (HOST, in vitro capacitation and true acrosome reaction levels) and produced a significant decrease in cryocapacitation and lipid peroxidation. Oxygen uptake increased in Sephadex samples (41 ± 7%) respect to single washing. Oxygen addition of carbonyl-cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) confirmed mitochondrial coupling in washed and Sephadex samples; showing an increase of 2.6 and 4.2 times for oxygen consumption in single washing and Sephadex ones, respectively. The increase in oxygen uptake with succinate addition with respect to basal oxygen uptake was significantly lower in Sephadex samples (63 ± 25%) than in the washed ones (183 ± 35%). Sephadex samples showed higher mitochondrial activity measured by oxygen consumption and improved quality and functional parameters. Our study recommends this protocol due to the fact that this filtration method removes dead or damaged spermatozoa allowing to obtain cryopreserved boar spermatozoa with optimized fertilizing capacity.

In vitro production of porcine zygotes using intracytoplasmic injection of vitrified sperm.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate if vitrified porcine spermatozoa are able to maintain their capacity to produce zygotes in vitro using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and to evaluate the zygote development in two in vitro atmospheric conditions: 5% CO2 and tri-gas. A group of porcine oocytes maturated in vitro were injected with vitrified-warmed sperm (treatment group) and another group, with sperm diluted and conserved at 17°C (control group). To evidence parthenogenetic activation, some oocytes were submitted to a Sham test. The injected oocytes were cultured in G1 medium at 38°C, 100% humidity and 5% CO2 or tri-gas. No significant differences (p > .05) were observed in embryo development between the oocytes injected with vitrified-warmed sperm (31.8%; 36/113), and those injected with semen diluted and conserved at 17°C (35.5%; 32/90), when cultured in 5% CO2 or under tri-gas atmosphere (42.9%; 39/91 vs. 34.2%; 26/76, respectively). No significant differences (p > .05) were observed in the percentage of pronuclei (PN) obtained between 5% CO2 and tri-gas, within each treatment either. Of the 52 oocytes submitted to the Sham test, only two presented a female PN (activation) indicating that the PN observed in the treatment group were a product of fertilization and not parthenogenetic activation. To conclude, porcine sperm vitrified using spheres, at a concentration of 5 × 106  spermatozoa/ml in TALP medium with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), conserve condensed and intact chromatin capable of producing early embryo development up to the pronuclear stage.

Participation of phosphofructokinase, malate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase in capacitation and acrosome reaction of boar spermatozoa.

The aim of this work was to determine the enzymatic activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) in boar spermatozoa and study their participation in bicarbonate-induced capacitation and follicular fluid-induced acrosome reaction. Enzymatic activity of these enzymes was determined spectrophotometrically in extracts of boar spermatozoa. Sperm suspensions were incubated in the presence of bicarbonate (40 mM), a well-known capacitation inducer, or follicular fluid (30%), as an acrosome reaction inducer, and different concentrations of oxoglutarate, oxalomalate and hydroxymalonate, inhibitors of PFK, IDH and MDH, respectively. Capacitation percentages were determined by the fluorescence technique of chlortetracycline (CTC), and true acrosome reaction was determined by trypan blue and differential-interferential contrast, optical microscopy. The activity of PFK in boar spermatozoa enzymatic extracts was 1.70 ± 0.19 U/1010 spermatozoa, the activity of NAD- and NADP-dependent IDH was 0.111 ± 0.005 U/1010 and 2.22 ± 0.14 U/1010 spermatozoa, respectively, and the activity of MDH was 4.24 ± 0.38 U/1010 spermatozoa. The addition of the specific inhibitors of these enzymes prevented sperm capacitation and decreased sperm motility during capacitation and inhibited the acrosome reaction (AR), without affecting the sperm motility during this process. Our results demonstrate the participation of PFK, IDH and MDH in bicarbonate-induced capacitation and follicular fluid-induced acrosome reaction in boar spermatozoa, contributing to elucidate the mechanisms that produce energy necessary for these processes in porcine spermatozoa.

The control of reactive oxygen species influences porcine oocyte in vitro maturation.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of varying intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels during oocyte in vitro maturation with enzymatic ROS production systems (xanthine + xanthine oxidase or xanthine + xanthine oxidase + catalase), scavenger systems (catalase or superoxide dismutase + catalase) or cysteine on porcine oocyte maturation. Oocyte ROS levels showed an increase when H2O2 or O2∙(-) production systems were added to the culture medium (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the presence of ROS scavengers in the maturation medium did not modify oocyte ROS levels compared with the control after 48 h of maturation, but the addition of cysteine induced a decrease in oocyte ROS levels (p < 0.05). The ROS production systems used in this work did not modified the percentage of oocyte nuclear maturation, but increased the decondensation of sperm head (p < 0.05) and decreased the pronuclear formation (p < 0.05). In turn, the addition of O2∙(-) and H2O2 scavenging systems during in vitro maturation did not modify the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II nor the oocytes with decondensed sperm head or pronuclei after fertilization. However, both parameters increased in the presence of cysteine (p < 0.05). The exogenous generation of O2∙(-) and H2O2 during oocyte in vitro maturation would not affect nuclear maturation or later sperm penetration, but most of the spermatozoa cannot progress to form the pronuclei after fusion with the oocyte. The decrease in endogenous ROS levels by the addition of cysteine would improve pronuclear formation after sperm penetration.

Phosphofructokinase and malate dehydrogenase participate in the in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes.

Oocyte maturation depends on the metabolic activity of cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) that performs nutritive and regulatory functions during this process. In this work, the enzymes [phosphofructokinase (PFK) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH)] were tested to elucidate the metabolic profile of porcine COCs during the in vitro maturation (IVM). Enzymatic activity was expressed in U/COC and U/mg protein (specific activity) as mean ± SEM. In vitro maturation was performed with 2-oxoglutarate (5, 10 and 20 mm) or hydroxymalonate (30, 60 and 100 mm) inhibitors of PFK and MDH, respectively. The PFK and MDH activities (U) remained constant during maturation. For PFK, the U were (2.48 ± 0.23) 10(-5) and (2.54 ± 0.32) 10(-5) , and for MDH, the U were (4.72 ± 0.42) 10(-5) and (4.38 ± 0.25) 10(-5) for immature and in vitro matured COCs, respectively. The specific activities were significantly lower after IVM, for PFK (4.29 ± 0.48) 10(-3) and (0.94 ± 0.12) 10(-3) , and for MDH (9.08 ± 0.93) 10(-3) and (1.89 ± 0.10) 10(-3) for immature and in vitro matured COCs, respectively. In vitro maturation percentages and enzymatic activity diminished with 20 mm 2-oxoglutarate or 60 mm hydroxymalonate (p < 0.05). Viability was not affected by any concentration of the inhibitors evaluated. The U remained unchanged during IVM; however, the increase in the total protein content per COC provoked a decrease in the specific activity of both enzymes. Phosphofructokinase and MDH necessary for oocyte IVM would be already present in the immature oocyte. The presence of inhibitors of these enzymes impairs the meiotic maturation. Therefore, the participation of these enzymes in the energy metabolism of the porcine oocyte during IVM is confirmed in this study.

Evaluation of the Cryotech Vitrification Kit for bovine embryos.

The purpose of this work was to assess commercially available Cryotech Vitrification Kit, in terms of survival, in vitro development and pregnancy rate for bovine embryos. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were recovered from ovaries obtained from slaughtered cows and then matured in vitro for 22 h. COCs were fertilized by sex-sorted sperm in IVF-mSOF and cultured in IVC-mSOF for 7 days to the blastocyst stage. Blastocysts were vitrified with the Cryotech Vitrification Kit(®) and then either warmed to check viability or transferred to synchronized heifers. We observed 100% survival of the in vitro produced blastocysts and obtained the same pregnancy rate (46.8%) as that obtained using fresh in vitro produced blastocysts. We thus conclude that the Cryotech vitrification method is a valid alternative to other vitrification or slow-cooling methods in the bovine species and that it is ready for livestock production.

Anatomy and histology of the male reproductive tract and spermatogenesis fine structure in the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla, Myrmecophagidae, Xenarthra): morphological evidences of reproductive functions.

The anatomy and histology of the male genital tract of the lesser anteater were studied. Fine details of spermatozoa regarding their genesis and morphology were also studied in six adult specimens. The testes lie in the pelvic cavity. The deferent duct emerges from the epididymis and opens into the ejaculatory duct, which drains into the membranous urethra. Accessory glands (prostate, seminal vesicle and bulbourethral gland) are histologically similar to those described in other mammals. The short penis presents an urethral orifice, while the corpus spongiosum becomes thinner at the end indicating the absence of a histologically defined glans. The seminiferous epithelium shows: (1) Sertoli cells with deep nuclear indentations, (2) spermatogonia with crusty-like chromatin, (3) spermatocytes at different stages of maturation and (4) three morphologically distinct stages of spermatid differentiation according to nuclear shape, acrosome development and chromatin condensation. Sperm heads appear oval. The length of the spermatozoa averages 67.33 ± 1.60 µm. Two specimens with inactive spermatogenesis were azoospermic. Their testes and epididymis presented sizes smaller than those with active spermatogenesis. These studies together with others in anteaters may contribute to successful breeding in conservation programmes.

Modulation of glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway influences porcine oocyte in vitro maturation.

Glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activities were modulated in porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) during in vitro maturation (IVM) by the addition of inhibitors or stimulators of key enzymes of the pathways to elucidate their relative participation in oocyte maturation. The activities of glycolysis and PPP were evaluated by lactate production per COC and by the brilliant cresyl blue test, respectively. Glucose uptake per COC and the oocyte maturation rate were also evaluated. Lactate production, glucose uptake and the percentage of oocytes reaching metaphase II decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of the pharmacological (NaF) or the physiological (ATP) inhibitors of glycolysis (p < 0.05). The addition of the physiological stimulator of glycolysis (AMP) caused no effect on lactate production, glucose uptake or the meiotic maturation rate. The pharmacological (6-AN) and the physiological (NADPH) inhibitors of PPP induced a dose-dependent decrease in the percentage of oocytes with high PPP activity and in the nuclear maturation rate (p < 0.05). The physiological stimulator of PPP (NADP) caused no effect on the percentage of oocytes with high PPP activity. The glycolytic and PPP activities of porcine COCs and maturational competence of oocytes seem to be closely related events. This study shows for the first time the regulatory effect of ATP and NADPH as physiological inhibitors of glycolysis and PPP in porcine COCs, respectively. Besides, these pathways seem to reach their maximum activities in porcine COCs during IVM because no further increases were achieved by the presence of AMP or NADP.

Influence of the cumulus and gonadotropins on the metabolic profile of porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes during in vitro maturation.

The aim of this work was to examine the influence of the cumulus and gonadotropins on the metabolic profile of porcine cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) during in vitro maturation. Immature COCs were assigned to morphological classes A(1) (with a dense cumulus), A(2) (with a translucent cumulus), B(1) (with the corona radiata), B(2) (with only some remaining cumulus cells) and matured with or without gonadotropins. Glycolysis and ammonia production were higher in the A class COCs; gonadotropins increased both, especially in the A(1) COCs (p < 0.05). The A class COCs had the highest initial protein contents and at the end of in vitro maturation. Furthermore, hormonal stimulation induced a similar increase in protein contents of both A classes (p < 0.05). The neutral lipid content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were similar in the immature oocytes of the COCs of all classes. A reduction was seen in both these variables when maturation proceeded either in the presence or absence of gonadotropins. The cumulus type surrounding the oocyte is related to the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids by the COC during in vitro maturation under gonadotropic stimulation. Oocyte lipolytic activity and ROS production appear to be independent of the surrounding cumulus and the presence of gonadotropins.

Glass wool filtration of bull cryopreserved semen: a rapid and effective method to obtain a high percentage of functional sperm.

Frozen-thawed bull sperm are widely used in assisted reproductive technologies, but cryopreservation negatively affects semen quality. Several sperm selection techniques have been developed to separate motile sperm from non-motile cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the glass wool column filtration to select functional sperm from frozen-thawed bull semen samples. Frozen semen from six Holstein bulls was thawed and filtered through a glass wool column, followed by assessment of routine and functional sperm parameters. In a set of experiments, sperm aliquots were also processed by swim up to compare both selection methods. Samples recovered in the glass wool filtrate had high percentages of viable (94 ± 3%, mean ± SD), progressively motile (89 ± 4%), acrosome-intact (98 ± 1%), and non-capacitated (80 ± 10%) sperm; these values were higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained after performing the swim up procedure. Moreover, the glass wool filtration yielded 67 ± 19% motile cells, in comparison with 18 ± 8% obtained with swim up (P < 0.05), calculated as the concentration of progressively motile cells selected relative to their concentration in the sample before the selection procedure. Glass wool-filtered sperm were able to undergo capacitation-related events, based on the increase in the percentage of cells classified as capacitated by CTC staining (B-pattern) after incubation with heparin (50 ± 5%) in comparison with control conditions with no heparin (17 ± 4%) or heparin + glucose (16 ± 2%; P < 0.05). Moreover, they underwent acrosomal exocytosis in response to pharmacologic (calcium ionophore A23187 and lysophosphatidylcholine) and physiological (follicular fluid) stimuli, and they fertilized in vitro matured cumulus-oocyte complexes and denuded oocytes (two-cell embryos: 72 ± 4% and 52 ± 6%, respectively). We conclude that glass wool filtration is a low-cost, simple, and highly effective procedure to select functionally competent sperm for reproductive technologies in the bull, which may be useful for other domestic and farm animals, as well as for endangered species.

Female reproductive tract of the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla, myrmecophagidae, Xenarthra). Anatomy and histology.

The morphological and histological features of the unusual reproductive tract of the female lesser anteater, Tamandua tetradactyla (Myrmecophagidae, Xenarthra), are described for the first time. The present study aimed to establish the main similarities and differences between this species and other xenarthrans. The populations of this species are declining rapidly for a number of reasons and our study is relevant to diverse programs related to its conservation. Studies were carried out on five female genital tracts of adult specimens. Ovaries were ovoid, presenting a medulla completely surrounded by the cortex, differently from that described in other xenarthans. Like in Dasypus but different from all other armadillos studied, single oocyte follicles were observed and a simple the uterus. The uterovaginal canal connects the uterus with the urogenital sinus. The simple columnar epithelium of the uterovaginal canal ends abruptly at a septum which resembles a hymen, where the transitional epithelium of the urogenital sinus appears. This ancestral feature is shared with that of other armadillos, except Tolypeutes matacus, which has a true vagina. Characteristics of the reproductive tract and sperm morphology of other Xenarthra are comparatively discussed. These observations suggest that important reproductive features are shared between the family Myrmecophagidae and the genus Dasypus, a basal group in the phylogeny of Xenarthra.

Capacitation inducers act through diverse intracellular mechanisms in cryopreserved bovine sperm.

The effect of various capacitation inducers, i.e. heparin, superoxide anion, bicarbonate, adenosine, and caffeine, and their role in intracellular mechanisms involved in capacitation, were studied in cryopreserved bovine sperm. Capacitation was determined by epifluorescence chlortetracycline, protein tyrosine phosphorylation, and the ability of capacitated sperm to undergo an acrosome reaction and fertilize in vitro matured oocytes. Participation of membrane adenylate cyclase and protein kinases (protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and protein tyrosine kinase) was evaluated indirectly (with specific inhibitors). Involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined with scavengers of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, or nitric oxide. Percentages of capacitated (27-29%) and acrosome-reacted sperm (23-26%) did not differ (P > 0.05) among various capacitation inducers. Significantly higher rates of IVF were obtained with heparin (43%) or bicarbonate plus caffeine (45%), when compared with control samples (17%). Adding the membrane adenylate cyclase inhibitor diminished capacitation rates with heparin (8%) or adenosine (10%). There was differential protein kinase participation in response to inducers; protein kinase inhibitors diminished cleavage rates in heparin-capacitated sperm relative to controls. There were differences between and within the studied inducers in protein tyrosine phosphorylation patterns. We inferred that capacitation in cryopreserved bovine sperm was promoted through diverse pathways. Mechanisms triggered by heparin, or caffeine plus bicarbonate-induced capacitation, involved activation of intracellular pathways to optimize fertilizing capability of cryopreserved bovine sperm.

Reactive oxygen species in bovine embryo in vitro production.

Oxidative modifications of cell components due to the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most potentially damaging processes for proper cell function. However, in the last few years it has been observed that ROS participate in physiological processes. The aim of this work was to determine ROS generation during in vitro production of bovine embryos. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered by aspiration of antral follicles from ovaries obtained from slaughtered cows and cultured in medium 199 for 22 h at 39 degrees C in 5% CO2: 95% humidified air. In vitro fertilization was carried out in IVF-mSOF with frozen-thawed semen in the same culture conditions and embryo in vitro culture in IVC-mSOF at 90% N2: 5% CO2: 5% O2. ROS was determined in denuded oocytes and embryos at successive stages of development by the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent assay. ROS production was not modified during oocyte maturation. However, a gradual increase in ROS production was observed up to the late morula stage during embryo in vitro culture (P < 0.05). In expanded blastocysts, ROS level decreased to reach values similar to the corresponding in oocytes. In the bovine species, the variation in ROS level during the complete process of embryo in vitro production was determined for the first time.

Reactive oxygen species in bovine embryo in vitro production

Oxidative modifications of cell components due to the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most potentially damaging processes for proper cell function. However, in the last few years it has been observed that ROS participate in physiological processes. The aim of this work was to determine ROS generation during in vitro production of bovine embryos. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered by aspiration of antral follicles from ovaries obtained from slaughtered cows and cultured in medium 199 for 22 h at 39°C in 5 CO2: 95 humidified air. In vitro fertilization was carried out in IVF-mSOF with frozenthawed semen in the same culture conditions and embryo in vitro culture in IVC-mSOF at 90 N2: 5 CO2: 5 O2, ROS was determined in denuded oocytes and embryos at successive stages of development by the 2',7' -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent assay. ROS production was not modified during oocyte maturation. However, a gradual increase in ROS production was observed up to the late morula stage during embryo in vitro culture (P<0.05). In expanded blastocysts, ROS level decreased to reach values similar to the corresponding in oocytes. In the bovine species, the variation in ROS level during the complete process of embryo in vitro production was determined for the first time

Reactive oxygen species in bovine embryo in vitro production

Oxidative modifications of cell components due to the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most potentially damaging processes for proper cell function. However, in the last few years it has been observed that ROS participate in physiological processes. The aim of this work was to determine ROS generation during in vitro production of bovine embryos. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered by aspiration of antral follicles from ovaries obtained from slaughtered cows and cultured in medium 199 for 22 h at 39ºC in 5 CO2: 95 humidified air. In vitro fertilization was carried out in IVF-mSOF with frozenthawed semen in the same culture conditions and embryo in vitro culture in IVC-mSOF at 90 N2: 5 CO2: 5 O2, ROS was determined in denuded oocytes and embryos at su

Reactive oxygen species in bovine embryo in vitro production.

Oxidative modifications of cell components due to the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most potentially damaging processes for proper cell function. However, in the last few years it has been observed that ROS participate in physiological processes. The aim of this work was to determine ROS generation during in vitro production of bovine embryos. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered by aspiration of antral follicles from ovaries obtained from slaughtered cows and cultured in medium 199 for 22 h at 39 degrees C in 5

CO2: 95

humidified air. In vitro fertilization was carried out in IVF-mSOF with frozen-thawed semen in the same culture conditions and embryo in vitro culture in IVC-mSOF at 90

N2: 5

CO2: 5

O2. ROS was determined in denuded oocytes and embryos at successive stages of development by the 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescent assay. ROS production was not modified during oocyte maturation. However, a gradual increase in ROS production was observed up to the late morula stage during embryo in vitro culture (P < 0.05). In expanded blastocysts, ROS level decreased to reach values similar to the corresponding in oocytes. In the bovine species, the variation in ROS level during the complete process of embryo in vitro production was determined for the first time.

Influence of oocyte-secreted factors and culture duration on the metabolic activity of bovine cumulus cell complexes.

Intracellular communication between the cumulus cell complex and the oocyte is essential for numerous processes during oocyte maturation. The aim of this study was to determine the interaction between oocyte-secreted factors and the metabolic activity of bovine cumulus cell complexes during in vitro maturation (IVM). Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were aspirated from ovaries derived from an abattoir and divided into four treatment groups: (i) intact COCs, (ii) oocytectomized complexes (OOX), in which the ooplasm was microsurgically removed, (iii) OOX co-cultured with denuded oocytes (OOX+DO) and (iv) DO. The complexes were cultured individually in IVM media. After 0-4, 10-14 and 20-24 h of culture, the utilization of oxygen, glucose, pyruvate and L-lactate by the complexes was measured. The metabolic activity of the DO was undetectable. There were no significant differences in metabolic measurement among any of the treatment groups, indicating that the metabolism of the cumulus complex is not affected by the presence of the oocyte. When metabolic activity for the complexes was analysed relative to time in culture, there was an approximate twofold increase in the consumption of oxygen, glucose and pyruvate over the 24 h period (P<0.05), although production of L-lactate remained constant. The relationship between total glucose uptake and L-lactate production indicated that the majority of glucose consumed at the start of culture was being utilized via glycolysis, but by the cessation of the maturation period, there was significant utilization of glucose elsewhere, possibly for the formation of cumulus extracellular matrix. These results indicate that metabolism of COC does not reflect biochemical activity of the oocyte. Nevertheless, the metabolic requirements of the COC increase throughout maturation.

Comparative morphologic placental types in Dasypodidae (Chaetophractus villosus, Cabassous chacoensis, Tolypeutes matacus and Dasypus hybridus).

Information about the morphology of placentas in armadillos is scarce, except for D. novemcinctus. A comparative study of morphologic placental types in armadillos is important in order to have a comprehensive view of the peculiar reproductive physiology in this family. The aim of this paper is to perform a comparative analysis of the morphological features of the placenta in Chaetophractus villosus, Cabassous chacoensis, Tolypeutes matacus and Dasypus hybridus in order to classify them in accordance with Grosser (1909). The placentas were studied macroscopically and histologically (light microscopy in 1 micron thick sections and electron microscopy for fine structure). The macroscopic study in the 4 studied species showed a similar pear-shaped placenta homogeneously villosus in almost all the surface. The histological analysis showed that the 4 studied species had a hemochorial type of placenta. This type of placenta was also found in D. novemcinctus (Dasypodidae), but it is different from those described for other xenarthrans. Hemochorial types of placenta have also been described in more modern mammals. Despite the many primitive features of the armadillos and the different anatomical and physiological features between the genuses of dasypodids, all the studied species share this structural type of placenta.

Antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative stress in bovine oocyte in vitro maturation.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a normal process of cell metabolism. In vitro environments usually increase cell production of ROS, which has been implicated as a main cause of cell damage. Nevertheless, the role of ROS in oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is controversial. In most cells, enzymatic antioxidant systems can attenuate the effect of oxidative stress by scavenging ROS. The aim of this work was to determine whether: (1) standard conditions of bovine oocyte IVM are responsible for oxidative stress; (2) cumulus cells participate in protection against oxidative stress of the oocyte; and (3) enzymatic antioxidant activity is present in oocytes and cumulus cells. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in TCM-199 + 10% steer serum for 24 h at 39 degrees C in 5% CO2:95% humidified air. Oxidative stress was determined by the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities were measured spectrophotometrically. Under standard conditions of in vitro maturation, there was no increase in ROS production per COC (P > 0.05), but ROS level per cumulus cell diminished. There was no modification in ROS levels in oocytes matured in the presence versus the absence of their surrounding cumulus cells ( P > 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, the presence of SOD, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were detected in oocytes and cumulus cells for the first time. Enzymatic units were lower in denuded oocytes with respect to cumulus (P < 0.05), accounting for 37% for SOD, 25% for glutathione peroxidase, and 11% for catalase of the total COC units. Specific enzyme activity diminished in cumulus cells (P > 0.05) and increased in oocytes due to maturation (P > 0.05). The presence of activity of an enzymatic antioxidant system in the bovine oocyte would regulate in part ROS levels during IVM. Oocytes could be capable of controlling the increase in ROS because of the presence of their own enzymatic antioxidant system, SOD having the highest specific activity with respect to cumulus cells.

Comparative morphologic placental types in Dasypodidae (Chaetophractus villosus, Cabassous chacoensis, Tolypeutes matacus and Dasypus hybridus).

Information about the morphology of placentas in armadillos is scarce, except for D. novemcinctus. A comparative study of morphologic placental types in armadillos is important in order to have a comprehensive view of the peculiar reproductive physiology in this family. The aim of this paper is to perform a comparative analysis of the morphological features of the placenta in Chaetophractus villosus, Cabassous chacoensis, Tolypeutes matacus and Dasypus hybridus in order to classify them in accordance with Grosser (1909). The placentas were studied macroscopically and histologically (light microscopy in 1 micron thick sections and electron microscopy for fine structure). The macroscopic study in the 4 studied species showed a similar pear-shaped placenta homogeneously villosus in almost all the surface. The histological analysis showed that the 4 studied species had a hemochorial type of placenta. This type of placenta was also found in D. novemcinctus (Dasypodidae), but it is different from those described for other xenarthrans. Hemochorial types of placenta have also been described in more modern mammals. Despite the many primitive features of the armadillos and the different anatomical and physiological features between the genuses of dasypodids, all the studied species share this structural type of placenta.