The relationship between body mass index and stage/grade of periodontitis: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Possible impact of obesity on stage and grade of periodontitis has never been investigated before. This study aimed to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and stage/grade of periodontitis per the current classification of periodontal diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 142 patients (82 males/60 females) were included in this study. "2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions" was taken as basis to characterize the stage/grade of periodontitis. Age, gender, smoking status, and frequency of tooth brushing, and medical data of the patients including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, BMI, and diabetes mellitus were obtained from the patient's hospital records. Obesity was assessed by BMI using the "World Health Organization" criteria. For estimating the association between BMI and periodontitis, logistic regression analysis was utilized. RESULTS: BMI was statistically associated with clinical attachment loss (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD), Plaque index (PI), stage and grade of periodontitis, and number of remaining teeth (p < 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, respectively). According to the multiple regression analysis results, those with BMI 25-29.9 were found to be at risk of being stage III-IV 3.977 times (95% CI: 1.831-8.640, p < 0.001) higher than those with BMI < 25, and similarly, those with BMI ≥ 30 were found to be at risk of being stage III-IV 4.062 times (95% CI: 1.315-12.549, p = 0.015) higher than those with BMI < 25. No relationship was found between obesity and grade of periodontitis according to multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: BMI increases the likelihood of stage III and stage IV periodontitis; however, it does not have an impact on the grade of periodontitis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It seems that obesity is related to the severity of periodontitis.

Evaluating the Impacts of Some Etiologically Relevant Factors on Excessive Gingival Display.

The literature offers limited and even conflicting information on the etiology of gummy smile. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate smile line, hypermobile upper lip (HUL), altered passive eruption (APE), and short upper lip (SUL) distribution in a group of patients seeking dental treatment and examine their effects on gummy smile. A total of 501 individuals (265 men, 236 women) were included in the study. The patients were grouped by gingival display, and presence of HUL, APE, and SUL were evaluated. Multivariate Logistic Regression analyses were performed to investigate the impact of possible risk factors on gummy smile. Of the individuals, 173 (34.5%) had a low smile line, 127 (25.3%) had an average smile line, 146 (29.1%) had a high smile line, and 55 (10.9%) were gummy smile patients. Individuals with gummy smile were younger than the individuals with low smile line (P < .001). As for the possible risk factors for gummy smile, age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.936; 95% CI: 0.901 to 0.972; P = .001), HUL (OR: 18.85; 95% CI: 7.82 to 45.44; P < .001), and APE (OR: 8.819; 95% CI: 3.894 to 19.973; P < .001) were found to be significant together. Gender and SUL/upper lip length were not found to have any impact on gummy smile. HUL is the primary factor that increases the probability of having gummy smile, followed by APE as the secondary factor. It seems reasonable to focus on correction of the HUL for treatment in most gummy smile patients.