Multi-Tone Harmonic Balance Optimization for High-Power Amplifiers through Coarse and Fine Models Based on X-Parameters.

In this study, we focus on automated optimization design methodologies to concurrently trade off between power gain, output power, efficiency, and linearity specifications in radio frequency (RF) high-power amplifiers (HPAs) through deep neural networks (DNNs). The RF HPAs are highly nonlinear circuits where characterizing an accurate and desired amplitude and phase responses to improve the overall performance is not a straightforward process. For this case, we propose a coarse and fine modeling approach based on firstly modeling the involved transistor and then selecting the best configuration of HAP along with optimizing the involved input and output termination networks through DNNs. In the fine phase, we firstly construct the equivalent modeling of the GaN HEMT transistor by using X-parameters. Then in the coarse phase, we utilize hidden layers of the modeled transistor and replace the HPA's DNN to model the behavior of the selected HPA by using S-parameters. If the suitable accuracy of HPA modeling is not achieved, the hyperparameters of the fine model are improved and re-evaluated in the HPA model. We call the optimization process coarse and fine modeling since the evaluation process is performed from S-parameters to X-parameters. This stage of optimization can ensure modeling the nonlinear HPA design that includes a high number of parameters in an effective way. Furthermore, for accelerating the optimization process, we use the classification DNN for selecting the best topology of HPA for modeling the most suitable configuration at the coarse phase. The proposed modeling strategy results in relatively highly accurate HPA designs that generate post-layouts automatically, where multi-tone harmonic balance specifications are optimized once together without any human interruptions. To validate the modeling approach and optimization process, a 10 W HPA is simulated and measured in the operational frequency band of 1.8 GHz to 2.2 GHz, i.e., the L-band. The measurement results demonstrate a drain efficiency higher than 54% and linear gain performance more than 12.5 dB, with better than 50 dBc adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) after DPD.

Ocular Complications of Intravesicular BCG Treatment for Bladder Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To report genital and ocular Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection as a rare complication of intravesical BCG immunotherapy. METHODS: We report a patient with bladder carcinoma who developed penile and ocular BCG infection. Medical history, clinical features, imaging findings, histopathological evaluation, and response to treatment clinched the diagnosis. RESULT: Granulomatous inflammation was noted on histopathological evaluation of lung and cutaneous lesion of the penis. The left eye with choroidal tubercle and tractional retinal detachment involving fovea underwent pars plana vitrectomy. After silicone removal, best-corrected visual acuity was 20/100 and patient received anti-TB regimen for 12 months. At 1 year follow-up, the choroidal tuberculoma was found to have completely resolved and the ocular status was stable. CONCLUSIONS: Though there are other reported cases of BCG infection secondary to intravesical BCG instillation noted in the literature, penile granuloma accompanying with choroidal tubercle is an uncommon form among these complications.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios as inflammation markers in patients with papilledema due to idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) using the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as inflammation markers. Methods: The files of 33 IIH patients and 33 controls were screened for this retrospective study. For each patient, the NLR and PLR values were calculated using a single fasting blood sample. For both eyes, papilledema (PE) grades, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), and ganglion cell layer thickness (GCLT) measurements were recorded along with the demographic data, including body mass index (BMI), and complete neurological and ophthalmological findings. Comparisons between the two groups and between the IIH patients with and without PE were made. The associations of NLR and PLR with all other parameters were analyzed independently from age, gender, and BMI. Results: NLR and PLR were higher in patients with IIH than controls (P < 0.05). They were also higher in patients with PE (P < 0.05) in the IIH group. NLR and PLR were found to be associated with BCVA (P < 0.001 and P = 0.023, respectively), global RNFLT (P = 0.004 and 0.012, respectively), RNFLT of the temporal quadrant (P < 0.001 and P = 0.042, respectively) and PE grade (P < 0.001 and P = 0.035, respectively). Conclusion: The NLR and PLR values and their associations with BCVA, RNFLT, and PE support the hypothesis that inflammation is a very important component of the pathogenesis of IIH.

A Case of Multiple Optic Disc Pits: 21-Year Follow-up

Optic disc pits (ODP) are an uncommon congenital abnormality. Patients remain asymptomatic unless they develop maculopathy. The use of optic coherence tomography has critical benefits in the follow-up of patients who are at the amblyogenic age. The aim of this study is to present a case of double ODP in the right eye and single ODP in the left eye in a partially accommodative esotropia patient followed for 21 years. To our knowledge, multiple ODP has never been described in a patient with partially accommodative esotropia.

Clinical Usefulness of a Computerized Vision Chart for Distance Stereoacuity Assessment in Children with Intermittent Exotropia.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study is to evaluate distance stereoacuity in children with intermittent exotropia (IXT) using a computerized vision chart (CVC), to compare the results to the normal subjects, and to determine if any correlation between stereoacuity and IXT severity exits. METHODS: A prospective case-control study was conducted including 24 children with IXT and 25 age-matched normal subjects. The mean age was 8.9 ± 4.5 in IXT group and 9.4 ± 4.2 in control group. The majority of patients (n = 17) had basic type IXT. Full ophthalmic examinations, deviations and stereoacuity tests were evaluated. Stereoacuity was measured with the CVC for distance stereoacuity and Randot stereotest book for near stereoacuity. Level of fusional control in patients with IXT was assessed using Newcastle Control Score (NCS). Seven of the patients with IXT were also reevaluated postoperatively. RESULTS: Near stereoacuity was good in both IXT and control groups, and there was no significant difference between groups. There was a poor correlation between near stereoacuity and NCS (rs = 0.15, p = .48). Distance stereoacuity in the IXT group was significantly reduced compared to controls (p = .004). There was a positive correlation between distance stereoacuity values and NCS in patients with IXT (rs = 0.73, p < .001). CONCLUSION: Diminished distance stereoacuity in children with IXT can be detected with the CVC and this test may be useful for deciding the timing of surgical intervention and postoperative evaluation.

Surgical management of consecutive exotropia: Long-term outcomes.

PURPOSE: To compare lateral rectus recession (LRc) and medial rectus advancement (MRadv) for correction of consecutive exotropia (CXT). METHODS: Of the 43 exotropic patients 20 of them underwent LRc (group 1) and 23 of them underwent MRadv (group 2). Postoperative exodrift, strabismic angle, dose effect relationship were compared with minimum 2 years follow­up. RESULTS: An average dose-effect in group 2 is higher than group 1 in the early postoperative period, however there was no significant difference at the second year follow-up (p=0,109). An average exodrift after 2 year follow-up was 6,6±7,12 PD in group 1, and 8,13±7,45 PD in group 2. Postoperative overall success rate was 50% in group 1 and 65% in group 2 at the last follow-up. The success rates were not significantly different between the groups (chi-square, p =0.31). CONCLUSION: Although there was no statistically significant difference at the last follow-up, better results were obtained with MRadv than LRc in the treatment of CXT.

Is contrast sensitivity a physiological marker in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood-onset psychiatric disorders. Although the etiology is complex and has not yet been clarified, dopamine is thought to play a role in the etiology. Methylphenidate (MPH) is a psychostimulant drug used as first-line treatment for ADHD and it inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake transporters. Dopamine also has an effect on retina and contrast sensitivity. Despite evidence indicating the effects of dopamine on contrast sensitivity, the results of studies examining contrast sensitivity in ADHD patients are inconsistent. Also, no studies have been encountered examining the possible effect of MPH on contrast sensitivity. The hypotheses of this study are that children with ADHD who have not used MPH will have lower contrast sensitivity levels than the members of the control group, that contrast sensitivity levels increase after the use of MPH, and that contrast sensitivity is a potential physiological marker for ADHD. The study was conducted with 30 children with ADHD and 30 children without ADHD. Psychiatric evaluations of the participants were conducted with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime-Turkish version, Conner's Parent Rating Scale-Revised Short form and the Turgay DSM-IV-based Child and Adolescent Behavioral Disorders Screening and Rating Scale. Photopic contrast sensitivity was measured using the Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT). Results showed that FACT mean values of the control group were significantly higher than those of the ADHD group (pre-treatment) in all spatial frequencies. In four spatial frequencies (CPD 1.5, 3, 12 and 18), the FACT mean values of the control group were significantly higher than the ADHD group (during the OROS-MPH treatment). At all spatial frequencies, the mean values of the ADHD group during the OROS-MPH treatment were significantly higher than before the OROS-MPH treatment. In conclusion, the present study showed that contrast sensitivity is low in children with ADHD and increases significantly after OROS-MPH medication, but still did not reach the levels of the children without ADHD. Our findings suggest that contrast sensitivity may be a potential physiological marker in ADHD.

Bupivacaine injection for comitant horizontal strabismus: clinical and radiological results / Injeção de bupivacaína para estrabismo comitante horizontal: resultados clínicos e radiológicos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To report the outcomes of bupivacaine injection for the treatment of comitant horizontal strabismus and evaluate clinical effectiveness and associated radiological changes. Methods: This prospective observational clinical study was conducted on 10 patients with comitant horizontal strabismus of up to 40 prism diopters. Ophthalmologic examinations and three-dimensional orbital magnetic resonance imaging were performed pre and post-injection (at first, third, and 12th months). A 4.5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected into the extraocular muscle under topical anesthesia using an electromyography in all patients. Results: The mean follow-up time at post bupivacaine injection and mean deviation at primary position were was 17 ± 2 months and 21.3 prism diopters, respectively. The mean changes in ocular alignment, enlargement of the cross-sectional area in the injected muscle, and volumetric enlargement were 7.7 PD, 12%, and 17% at the first year post-injection, respectively. No severe or persistent complication was observed. Ptosis and mydriasis were noted post-injection due to the anesthetic effects of bupivacaine but disappeared within 2 h post-injection. Conclusions: Bupivacaine injection improved eye alignment in small-angle horizontal comitant strabismus, effectively diagnosed with orbital magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate volumetric changes of the extraocular muscles. Further clinical studies with larger numbers of patients should be performed to define optimal dosages, concentration, and application method and dose-response relationship.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar resultados da injeção de bupivacaína para o tratamento do estrabismo comitante horizontal e avaliar sua eficácia clínica e as alterações radiológicas associadas. Métodos: Este estudo clínico observacional prospectivo foi realizado em 10 pacientes com estrabismo comitante horizontal de até 40 dioptrias de prisma. Exames oftalmológicos e ressonância magnética orbital tridimensional foram realizados pré e pós-injeção (no primeiro, terceiro e 12º mês). A 4,5 mL de bupivacaína a 0,5% foi injetado no músculo extraocular sob anestesia tópica usando eletromiografia em todos os pacientes. Resultados: O tempo médio de acompanhamento pós-injeção de bupivacaína e o desvio médio na posição primária foram de 17 ± 2 meses e 21,3 dioptrias de prisma, respectivamente. As alterações médias no alinhamento ocular, aumento da área da secção transversal no músculo injetado e aumento volumátrico foram de 7,7 PD, 12% e 17% no primeiro ano pós-injeção, respectivamente. Nenhuma complicação grave ou persistente foi observada. Ptose e midríase foram observadas após a injeção devido ao efeito anestésico da bupivacaína, mas desapareceram dentro de duas horas após a injeção. Conclusões: A injeção de bupivacaína melhorou o alinhamento dos olhos no estrabismo comitante horizontal de pequeno ângulo, efetivamente diagnosticado com ressonância magnética orbital para avaliar as alterações volumétricas dos músculos extraoculares. Outros estudos clínicos, com maior número de pacientes devem ser realizados para definir dosagens, concentração, método de aplicação e a relação dose-resposta.

Bupivacaine injection for comitant horizontal strabismus: clinical and radiological results.

PURPOSE: To report the outcomes of bupivacaine injection for the treatment of comitant horizontal strabismus and evaluate clinical effectiveness and associated radiological changes. METHODS: This prospective observational clinical study was conducted on 10 patients with comitant horizontal strabismus of up to 40 prism diopters. Ophthalmologic examinations and three-dimensional orbital magnetic resonance imaging were performed pre and post-injection (at first, third, and 12th months). A 4.5 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected into the extraocular muscle under topical anesthesia using an electromyography in all patients. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time at post bupivacaine injection and mean deviation at primary position were was 17 ± 2 months and 21.3 prism diopters, respectively. The mean changes in ocular alignment, enlargement of the cross-sectional area in the injected muscle, and volumetric enlargement were 7.7 PD, 12%, and 17% at the first year post-injection, respectively. No severe or persistent complication was observed. Ptosis and mydriasis were noted post-injection due to the anesthetic effects of bupivacaine but disappeared within 2 h post-injection. CONCLUSIONS: Bupivacaine injection improved eye alignment in small-angle horizontal comitant strabismus, effectively diagnosed with orbital magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate volumetric changes of the extraocular muscles. Further clinical studies with larger numbers of patients should be performed to define optimal dosages, concentration, and application method and dose-response relationship.

Comparison of Nd:YAG laser (532 nm green) vs diode laser (810 nm) photocoagulation in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: an evaluation in terms of complications.

PURPOSE: To compare the anterior and posterior segment complications of diode (810 nm) laser photocoagulation (LPC) and Nd:YAG (532 nm green) LPC in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The 84 eyes of 43 patients treated with diode LPC (group 1) and 58 eyes of 31 patients treated with Nd:YAG LPC (group 2) for ROP in our clinic were enrolled in the study. Medical records of all patients were investigated retrospectively. The patients in each group were examined in terms of birth weights, gestational weeks, stage of retinopathy, number of lasers pots, laser parameters, and anterior and posterior complications of LPC. RESULTS: The mean birth weeks of group 1 patients were postmenstrual 27.7 ± 2.5 (23-33), while the mean birth weights were 1006.0 ± 334.5 (540-1980) grams. The mean birth weeks of group 2 patients were postmenstrual 27.4 ± 2.6 (23-33), while the mean birth weights were 1073.8 ± 329.2 (480-1720) grams. The mean numbers of laser spots were 1036.0 ± 515.2 (430-2410) in group 1 per eye, while the mean numbers of laser spots were 1085.4 ± 526.0 (445-2530) in group 2 per eye (p ≥ 0.05). Additional laser application was performed in four eyes (4.8%) in group 1 and four eyes (6.9%) in group 2. Four eyes (4.8%) treated with diode LPC and one eye (1.7%) treated with Nd:YAG laser developed retinal detachment. Two eyes of a patient (3.4%) applied Nd:YAG LPC developed cataract. CONCLUSION: Cataract may develop when Nd:YAG laser is used; however, posterior segment complications may be more likely to appear with the use of diode laser in these cases.

Which dose of bevacizumab is more effective for the treatment of aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity: lower or higher dose?

PURPOSE: To compare 0.5 mg and 0.625 mg of bevacizumab for treating aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (AP-ROP). METHODS: The medical records of patients with AP-ROP who were administered intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) as a primary treatment at a university clinic were evaluated retrospectively. Five eyes of three patients (Group 1) who received 0.625 mg/0.025 ml IVB and 10 eyes of another five patients (Group 2) who received 0.5 mg/0.02 ml IVB were evaluated. Laser photocoagulation was used as additional treatment after relapses. Anatomic results and complications were evaluated in both groups. RESULTS: We evaluated 15 eyes of eight patients (four girls and four boys) with a flat demarcation line at posterior zone 2 and plus disease or stage-3 disease in this study. The mean gestational age of the three babies in Group 1 was 26 ± 1 weeks and the mean birth weight was 835.33 ± 48.01 g. The corresponding values were 25.2 ± 1.6 weeks and 724 ± 139.03 g, respectively, for the five babies in Group 2. Retinal vascularization was completed at a mean postmenstrual duration of 53.6 ± 1.5 weeks without additional treatment in the five eyes in Group 1. Laser photocoagulation for relapse was administered to five of the 10 eyes in Group 2. Retinal vascularization was completed at a mean postmenstrual duration of 47.6 ± 1.5 weeks in the remaining five eyes. None of the patients developed complications such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal tear, retinal or vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment. CONCLUSION: Although lower IVB doses in the treatment of AP-ROP are expected to be safer in terms of local and systemic side effects in premature infants, these patients may require additional treatment with IVB or laser photocoagulation.

Which dose of bevacizumab is more effective for the treatment of aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity: lower or higher dose? / Qual a dose de bevacizumab no tratamento da retinopatia da prematuridade posterior agressiva: menor ou maior dose?

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare 0.5 mg and 0.625 mg of bevacizumab for treating aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity (AP-ROP). Methods: The medical records of patients with AP-ROP who were administered intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) as a primary treatment at a university clinic were evaluated retrospectively. Five eyes of three patients (Group 1) who received 0.625 mg/0.025 ml IVB and 10 eyes of another five patients (Group 2) who received 0.5 mg/0.02 ml IVB were evaluated. Laser photocoagulation was used as additional treatment after relapses. Anatomic results and complications were evaluated in both groups. Results: We evaluated 15 eyes of eight patients (four girls and four boys) with a flat demarcation line at posterior zone 2 and plus disease or stage-3 disease in this study. The mean gestational age of the three babies in Group 1 was 26 ± 1 weeks and the mean birth weight was 835.33 ± 48.01 g. The corresponding values were 25.2 ± 1.6 weeks and 724 ± 139.03 g, respectively, for the five babies in Group 2. Retinal vascularization was completed at a mean postmenstrual duration of 53.6 ± 1.5 weeks without additional treatment in the five eyes in Group 1. Laser photocoagulation for relapse was administered to five of the 10 eyes in Group 2. Retinal vascularization was completed at a mean postmenstrual duration of 47.6 ± 1.5 weeks in the remaining five eyes. None of the patients developed complications such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal tear, retinal or vitreous hemorrhage, or retinal detachment. Conclusion: Although lower IVB doses in the treatment of AP-ROP are expected to be safer in terms of local and systemic side effects in premature infants, these patients may require additional treatment with IVB or laser photocoagulation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar doses de 0,5 mg e 0,625 mg de bevacizumab no tratamento da retinopatia da prematuridade posterior agressiva (ROP-PA). Métodos: os registros médicos de pacientes com ROP-PA que receberam bevacizumab intravítreo (IVB) como tratamento primário em uma clínica universitária foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Houve 5 olhos de 3 casos (Grupo 1) que receberam 0,625 mg/0,025 ml de IVB e 10 olhos de outros 5 casos (Grupo 2) que receberam 0,5 mg/0,02 ml de IVB. A fotocoagulação com laser foi utilizada como tratamento adicional para casos de recidiva. Os resultados e complicações anatômicas foram avaliados em ambos os grupos. Resultados: Incluímos os 15 olhos de 8 pacientes (4 meninas e 4 meninos) com linha de demarcação plana na zona posterior 2 e doença "plus" (dilatação e tortuosidade vascular) neste estudo. A idade gestacional média dos três bebês no Grupo 1 foi de 26 ± 1 semana e o peso médio ao nascer foi de 835,33 ± 48,01 g, enquanto esses valores foram de 25,2 ± 1,6 semanas e 724 ± 139,03 g, respectivamente, para os cinco bebês do Grupo 2. A vascularização da retina foi completada com uma duração média pós-menstrual de 53,6 ± 1,5 semanas sem tratamento adicional nos cinco olhos no Grupo 1. A fotocoagulação a laser foi administrada devido à recaída em 5 dos 10 olhos do Grupo 2. A vascularização da retina foi completada em média de 47,6 ± 1,5 semanas do período pós-menstrual nos cinco olhos restantes. Nenhum dos casos desenvolveu complicações, como catarata, glaucoma, rasgo da retina, hemorragia retiniana ou vítrea ou descolamento da retina. Conclusão: Embora as doses mais baixas de IVB no tratamento de ROP-PA sejam mais seguras em termos de efeitos colaterais locais e sistêmicos em prematuros, esses pacientes podem precisar de tratamento adicional com IVB ou fotocoagulação a laser.

A study on the validity and reliability of the Amblyopia andStrabismus Questionnaire (A&SQ) in Turkish.

BACKGROUND/AIM: This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Amblyopia and Strabismus Questionnaire (AandSQ) that is translated into Turkish. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a methodological study. A total of 149 patients took part in the survey research between December 2012 and June 2014 in an university hospital, and 37 were retested. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for the questionnaire's reliability analysis. RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the subscales of fear of losing the better eye, distance estimation, visual disorientation, double vision, and social contact and appearance were found to be 0.80, 0.88, 0.95, 0.80, and 0.81, respectively. Five factors determined by the exploratory factor analysis explained 69.87% of the total variance. CONCLUSION: The Turkish version of the AandSQ is found as a reliable and valid scale for analyzing Turkish society. The AandSQ might be helpful for measuring quality of life in patients with strabismus.

Fixation Characteristics of Severe Amblyopia Subtypes: Which One is Worse?

PURPOSE: To determine differences in macular sensitivity and fixation patterns in different subtypes of severe amblyopia. METHODS: This case-control study enrolled a total of 73 male adults, including 18 with pure strabismic severe amblyopia, 19 with pure anisometropic severe amblyopia, 18 with mixed (strabismic plus anizometropic) severe amblyopia, and 18 healthy controls. MP-1 microperimetry was used to evaluate macular sensitivity, location of fixation, and stability of fixation. RESULTS: Mean macular sensitivity, stability of fixation, and location of fixation were significantly worse in all amblyopia subtypes when compared with healthy controls. Intergroup comparisons between amblyopia subtypes revealed that mean macular sensitivity, stability of fixation, and location of fixation were significantly worse in pure strabismic and mixed amblyopic eyes when compared with pure anisometropic amblyopic eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus seems to be a worse prognostic factor in severe amblyopia than anisometropia in terms of fixation characteristics and retinal sensitivity.

Keratoacanthoma of the conjunctiva in a young patient.

Keratoacanthomas rarely occur in the conjunctiva. We report a case of a 24-year-old man with a rapidly growing conjunctival mass. The tumor was excised with a safety margin to exclude squamous cell carcinoma and was histopathologically diagnosed as a keratoacanthoma. There has been no recurrence over 2 years of follow-up. To the best of our knowledge, he is the youngest patient to be diagnosed with conjunctival keratoacanthoma who had no known risk factors such as skin disorders, trauma, surgery, or infection. In similar cases, we recommend complete early surgical excision and careful follow-up to exclude malignancy.

Long-term motor and sensory outcomes after surgery for infantile esotropia.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Infantile esotropia (ET), entitled as congenital ET, is defined as an alternating, cross-fixational ET that occurs within the first 6 months of life. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term motor and sensory outcomes after surgical correction of patients with infantile ET. METHODS: Medical records of 108 consecutive children who had bimedial rectus recession (BMR) initially for ET were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into 3 groups: the group I, surgery before one-year old; the group II, surgery between one and two-year old; the group III, surgery after two-year old. RESULTS: No significant differences were determined among the groups for preoperative mean angle of deviation and refractive error (p > 0.05, for both). Development rate of dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) was greater (40%) in the group I, and the relationship between the rate of DVD and the timing of the initial surgery was statistically significant (p = 0.03). Risk for additional surgery was significantly greater in patients with a younger mean age at initial surgery (p = 0.01). Although measurable stereopsis rate was higher in the group I (35%, 32.4%, 27.8%, respectively) the difference among the groups was insignificant (p = 0.80). CONCLUSION: Patients with ET have limited potential of high grade stereoacuity despite the early alignment of eyes. Early surgery also has potential effects for the development of both inferior oblique overaction and DVD earlier.