ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to determine the phenolic compounds, the antibacterial activity of extract from Laurus nobilis leaves, and its possible effect on transforming growth factor-ß1 expression level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. METHODS: The phenolic components of Laurus nobilis were identified by the high-performance liquid chromatography method. The antibacterial activity of this extract was determined by disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The transforming growth factor-ß1 expression was analyzed using the RT-qPCR method. RESULTS: Epicatechin was found in the highest amount and o-coumaric acid in the lowest amount. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined to be 55.17 µg/mL. The zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 15, 14, and 8 mm and 125, 250, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. The change in transforming growth factor-ß1 expression levels was found to be statistically significant compared with the control groups (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Laurus nobilis extract was found to be effective against bacteria and altered the expression level of transforming growth factor-ß1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Enterococcus faecalis , Laurus , Leukocytes, Mononuclear , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Plant Extracts , Staphylococcus aureus , Transforming Growth Factor beta1 , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Laurus/chemistry , Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects , Phenols/pharmacology , Phenols/analysis , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/drug effects , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolismABSTRACT
The progressive increase in infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria and the emergence of resistance to last-resort antimicrobial drugs in recent years necessitate the development of new therapeutic strategies. This study was conducted to obtain nanostructured antimicrobials by conjugating colistin (COL) and meropenem (MEM) antibiotics with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) via the green synthesis method using Rosa damascena extract, and to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of these nanostructures against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, high-resolution-transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analyses were performed to determine the physical and chemical properties of synthesized bio-AgNPs, COL@bio-AgNPs, MEM@bio-AgNPs, and COL&MEM@bio-AgNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of nanoparticles were determined on standard and MDR clinical strains. The antibiofilm efficacy and cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles were evaluated by the crystal violet dye method and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide dye method, respectively. The characterization analyses demonstrated that the synthesized nanoparticles had crystal structure and spherical morphology (5.6-30.2 nm in size). Antibiotic conjugated nanoparticles exhibited better antimicrobial activity and lower MIC values (0.125-4 µg/mL) on the tested strains compared to free antibiotics, and MIC values were decreased up to 1024-fold (p < 0.05). Antibiotic conjugated nanoparticles were found to be more effective in biofilm eradication than free antibiotics and bio-AgNPs and had a less inhibitory effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cell viability. The findings revealed that antibiotic-conjugated nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antimicrobial drug against MDR E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains.
