The relationship between anemia and hyperuricemia and hypertension in Korean adults: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2018.

OBJECTIVE: It is unclear whether uric acid (UA) has a negative or positive effect on anemia, and this may vary depending on the presence or absence of chronic disease such as hypertension (HTN). The present study was conducted to assess the relationship between anemia and hyperuricemia in Korean adults with or without hypertension. METHODS: Data from 16,740 adults (age ≥20 years) in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016 - 2018) were analyzed. RESULTS: Several key findings were identified. First, after adjusting for the related variables in the non-HTN group, the odds ratio (OR) of anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] ≥ 13.0 mg/dL in men and ≥12.0 mg/dL in women), using the normouricemia (UA < 7.0 mg/dL in men and UA < 6.0 mg/dL in women) as a reference, was inversely significant for the hyperuricemia (UA ≥ 7.0 mg/dL in men and ≥6.0 mg/dL in women) in the overall population (OR, 0.589; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.409-0.848) and women (OR, 0.575; 95% CI, 0.363-0.909) but not in men (OR, 0.836; 95% CI, 0.441-1.586). Second, after adjusting for the related variables in the HTN group, the OR of anemia, using the normouricemia as a reference, was positively significant for the hyperuricemia in the overall population (OR, 1.501; 95% CI, 1.167-1.930), men (OR, 1.706; 95% CI, 1.154-2.523), and women (OR, 1.512; 95% CI, 1.079-2.210). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperuricemia was positively associated with anemia in men and women with HTN. Hyperuricemia was inversely associated with anemia in women without HTN but not in men without HTN.

Gender Difference in the Association of Hyperuricemia with Insulin Resistance and beta-cell Function in Nondiabetic Korean Adults: The 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

AIMS: This study was conducted to assess the association of uric acid (UA) with the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-B) by gender in nondiabetic Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out using data from the 2019 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and included nondiabetic Korean men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women aged 20 years or older. RESULTS: First, after adjusted for the related variables (excluding obesity), the prevalence of hyperuricemia (UA ≥ 7.0 mg/dL in men or UA ≥ 6.0 mg/dL in women) was positively associated with the quartiles of HOMA-IR and HOMA-B in men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. Second, when further adjusted for obesity, hyperuricemia was positively associated with the quartiles of HOMA-IR and HOMA-B in men and postmenopausal women but not in premenopausal women. Third, after adjusted for the related variables (including obesity), UA level was positively associated with the quartiles of HOMA-IR and HOMA-B in men and postmenopausal women but not in premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: hyperuricemia is positively associated with insulin resistance and beta-cell function in nondiabetic Korean men and postmenopausal women but not in premenopausal women.

The Relationship between the Lipid Accumulation Product and Beta-cell Function in Korean Adults with or without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

AIMS: This study was conducted to assess the relationship between the lipid accumulation product index (LAP) and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-B) in Korean adults with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out using data from the 2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and included 4,922 adults aged 20 or older. RESULTS: There were several key findings. First, in overall population, after adjusting for related variables, HOMA-IR (p < .001) and HOMA-B (p < .001) level were positively associated with quartiles of LAP. Second, in non-T2DM group, HOMA-IR (p < .001) and HOMA-B level (p < .001) were positively associated with quartiles of LAP. Third, in T2DM group, HOMA-IR (p < .001) level was positively associated with the quartiles of LAP, but HOMA-B (p = .153) level was not significant. In addition, HOMA-B level was increased with an increasing metabolic syndrome component in non-T2DM (p < .001) but not in T2DM (p = .267). CONCLUSIONS: LAP was positively associated with both HOMA-IR and HOMA-B in non-diabetic Korean adults. However, LAP was positively associated with HOMA-IR in Korean adults with T2DM, while the association with HOMA-B was not significant.

Gender difference in the relationship between lipid accumulation product index and pulse pressure in nondiabetic Korean adults: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014.

The present study was conducted to assess the association between the lipid accumulation product index (LAP) and pulse pressure (PP) by gender in nondiabetic Korean adults. This study used the data of 8,240 nondiabetic adults (3,577 men and 4,663 women) aged ≥ 20 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2014. Key findings from the study were as follows: first, the mean values of age for the overall population, men, and women were 49.59 ± 15.73 years, 49.26 ± 16.04 years, and 49.85 ± 15.47 years, respectively. Second, in women (n = 4,663), after adjustment for related variables and with quartile 1 of LAP as a reference, the odds ratios (ORs) of high PP (PP > 60 mmHg) were significantly higher in quartile 3 [1.735 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.064-2.831)] and quartile 4 of LAP [2.271 (95% CI, 1.325-3.893)]. Third, high PP in men (n = 3,577) was not associated with the quartiles of LAP. Forth, after adjustment for related variables, the PP level was positively associated with the quartiles of LAP in women (p < .001) but not in men (p = .400). PP was positively associated with LAP in nondiabetic Korean women but not in men.

Gender difference in the relationship between anemia and vitamin D in Korean adults: the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

This study was conducted to assess the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and anemia, by gender, in Korean adults. The data of 16,060 adults were analyzed (men, 6,840; premenopausal women, 4,916; postmenopausal women, 4,340) from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V) (2010-2012). There were several key findings. First, after adjusting for related variables, the odds ratio (OR) of anemia [hemoglobin (Hb) <13 g/dl in men or Hb <12 g/dl in women] using the vitamin D normal group {25-hydroxyvitamin [25(OH)D] ≥15.0 ng/ml} as reference, was significant for the vitamin D deficient group [25(OH)D <15.0 ng/ml] in the overall population [OR, 1.310; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.168-1.470]. Second, the OR of anemia, using the vitamin D normal group as reference, was significant for the vitamin D deficient group in premenopausal women (OR, 1.293; 95% CI, 1.105-1.513). However, vitamin D deficiency in the vitamin D normal group in men (OR, 1.093; 95% CI, 0.806-1.484) and postmenopausal women (OR, 1.130; 95% CI, 0.906-1.409) was not significant. In conclusion, Vitamin D deficiency is positively associated with anemia in premenopausal women, but not in men and postmenopausal women.

Gender Difference in the Relationship Between Pulse Pressure and Visceral Adiposity Index in Korean Adults.

Background: This study was conducted to assess the association of pulse pressure (PP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) by gender in Korean adults. Methods: This study used the data of 4960 adults at age ≥20 years, from the 2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Results: In the overall population (n = 4960), after adjustment for related variables and with quartile 1 of VAI as a reference, the odds ratios of high PP (PP >60 mmHg) was significantly higher in quartile 3 [1.32 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.71)] and quartile 4 of VAI [1.40 (95% CI, 1.07-1.83)]. In women (n = 2784), the OR of high PP, with quartile 1 of VAI as a reference, was significantly higher in quartile 3 [2.36 (95% CI, 1.55-3.61)] and quartile 4 of VAI [2.70 (95% CI, 1.77-4.12)]. In men (n = 2176), high PP was not associated with the quartiles of VAI. In addition, after adjustment for related variables, the PP level was positively associated with the quartiles of VAI in the overall population (P < 0.001) and women (P < 0.001), but not in men (P = 0.316). Conclusions: VAI was positively associated with PP in Korean women, but not in Korean men.

Relationship between uric acid and lipid accumulation product index by gender in Korean adults: The 2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

AIMS: The present study assesses the relationship between uric acid (UA) and lipid accumulation product index (LAP) by gender among Korean adults. METHODS: Data from 5670 subjects (2463 men and 3207 women) in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-1) 2016 were analyzed. LAP was divided into four quartiles (Q1-Q4). RESULTS: There were several key findings. Compared with Q1, in the overall population, the odds ratios (ORs) of hyperuricemia (UA ≥ 7.0 mg/dL in men or UA ≥ 6.0 mg/dL in women) were significantly higher in Q2 [1.847 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.325-2.575)], Q3 [3.050 (95% CI, 2.216-4.198)], and Q4 of LAP [6.367 (95% CI, 4.658-8.704)]. In men, the ORs of hyperuricemia were significantly higher in Q2 [1.658 (95% CI, 1.162-2.367)], Q3 [2.341 (95% CI, 1.656-3.308)], and Q4 [4.633 (95% CI, 3.290-6.525)] than Q1. In women, the ORs of hyperuricemia were significantly higher in Q2 [2.254 (95% CI, 1.085-4.680)], Q3 [5.402 (95% CI, 2.735-10.668)], and Q4 [11.025 (95% CI, 5.620-21.628)] than Q1. In addition, UA levels were positively associated with LAP level in men (r = 0.218; p < 0.001), women (r = 0.261; p < 0.001), and the overall population (r = 0.260; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Hyperuricemia was positively associated with LAP in Korean men and women.

The association of the visceral adiposity index with insulin resistance and beta-cell function in Korean adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This study was conducted to assess the association of the visceral adiposity index (VAI) with insulin resistance and beta cell function in Korean adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study was carried out using data from the 2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI-3) and included 4,922 adults, aged 20 or older. There were several key findings in the present study. First, in subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p < 0.001) and beta cell function (HOMA-B) (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p < 0.001), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) score (p < 0.001) were positively associated with quartiles of VAI. Second, in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, HOMA-IR (p = 0.038), FBG (p = 0.007), and MetS score (p < 0.001) were positively associated with quartiles of VAI, but associations with HOMA-B (p = 0.879) and insulin (p = 0.104) were not significant. In conclusions, the visceral adiposity index is positively associated with insulin resistance and beta cell function in Korean adults without type 2 diabetes mellitus. The visceral adiposity index is positively associated with insulin resistance but not beta cell function in Korean adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome and Beta-Cell Function in Nondiabetic Korean Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: 2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Background: This study was conducted to assess the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and beta-cell function in nondiabetic Korean women. Methods: This study included 2,507 women (premenopausal women, 1,359; postmenopausal women, 1,148) who were aged ≥20 and used 2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. Results: Key study results were as follows: first, in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, after adjusting for related variables [except body mass index (BMI)], MetS (P < 0.001) and metabolic syndrome score (MSS; P < 0.001) were positively associated with the homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function (HOMA-B) levels. Second, in premenopausal women, when further adjusted for BMI, MetS (P = 0.002) and MSS (P < 0.001) were also positively associated with HOMA-B levels. However, in postmenopausal women, when further adjusting for BMI, the associations of MetS (P = 0.322) or MSS (P = 0.855) and HOMA-B levels were no longer significant. Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome was positively associated with beta-cell function in nondiabetic Korean premenopausal women, but not in Korean postmenopausal women.

The relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine m/creatinine ratio and parathyroid hormone in elderly Koreans.

This study aimed to assess the relationship between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (uACR), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in elderly Korean men and women. Data were analyzed from 2880 adults (1262 men and 1618 women) aged ≥ 50 years from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V-2 (KNHANES V-2). In men, after adjusting for related variables, the odds ratios (ORs) of the high PTH levels (PTH > 78.0 ng/L) were significantly higher in the decreased eGFR group [eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2; 1.353 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.989-1.851)], elevated uACR group [uACR ≥ 30 mg/g; 1.804 (95% CI, 1.004-3.239)], and decreased eGFR plus elevated uACR group [eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and uACR ≥ 30 mg/g; 2.158 (95% CI, 1.208-3.858)] relative to the normal group (eGFR ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and uACR < 30 mg/g). In women, after adjusting for related variables, the ORs of the high PTH levels were significantly higher in the decreased eGFR group [1.585 (95% CI, 0.911-2.760)], elevated uACR group [1.645 (95% CI, 1.127-2.400)], and decreased eGFR plus elevated uACR group [2.934 (95% CI, 1.267-6.795)] relative to the normal group. In conclusion, PTH was positively associated with an increase in uACR in elderly Korean men and women but was not associated with a decrease in eGFR. In addition, PTH increased greatly when both a decrease in eGFR and increase in uACR appeared simultaneously.

The relationship between pulse pressure, insulin resistance, and beta cell function in non-diabetic Korean adults.

AIMS: The present study was conducted to assess the association of pulse pressure (PP) with insulin resistance and beta cell function in Korean non-diabetic populations. METHODS: This study used the data from the 2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey including 4380 adults, aged 20 or older. RESULTS: A multivariate analysis revealed that systolic blood pressure (SBP) (ß=0.089, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.004-0.011; p<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (ß=-0.057, 95% CI -0.014 to -0.003; p=0.002), and PP (ß=0.069, 95% CI 0.004-0.011; p<0.001) were significant factors determining the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). SBP (ß=0.070, 95% CI, 0.113-0.420; p=0.001), DBP (ß=-0.068, 95% CI -0.676 to -0.203; p<0.001), and PP (ß=0.050, 95% CI 0.115-0.422; p=0.001) were significant factors determining the homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function (HOMA-B). In the analysis of covariance test, after adjusting for related variables (except age), the quartiles of PP were not associated with HOMA-IR (p=0.191) and were inversely associated with HOMA-B (p<0.001). However, when further adjusting for age, the quartiles of PP were positively associated with both HOMA-IR (p<0.001) and HOMA-B (p=0.027). CONCLUSION: PP was positively associated with insulin resistance and beta cell function in non-diabetic Korean adults.

Gender difference in the relationship between the ferritin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in non-diabetic Korean adults.

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to assess gender difference in the relationship between the ferritin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta cell function (HOMA-B) in non-diabetic Korean adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample including 5,414 adults (2,279 men, 1,529 postmenopausal women, and 1,606 premenopausal women) aged ≥ 20 years from the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-1, 2010) was analyzed. RESULTS: There were several key findings in the present study. First, in men, HOMA-IR (ß = 0.119, 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.304 to 8.003) constituted the independent factor determining ferritin, but this was not the case for HOMA-B (ß = -0.042, 95% CI, -0.100 to 0.011). Second, in postmenopausal women, HOMA-IR (ß = 0.087, 95% CI, 0.899 to 5.238) was the independent factor determining ferritin, but this was not the case for HOMA-B (ß = -0.043, 95% CI, -0.065 to 0.010). Third, in premenopausal women, neither HOMA-IR (ß = -0.050, 95% CI, -3.056 to 0.364) nor HOMA-B (ß = -0.009, 95% CI, -0.028 to 0.020) constituted the independent factors determining ferritin. CONCLUSIONS: Ferritin was positively associated with insulin resistance in non-diabetic Korean men and postmenopausal women, but not in non-diabetic Korean premenopausal women.

The association between the metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome score and pulmonary function in non-smoking adults.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the association of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome score with the predicted forced vital capacity and predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s) values in Korean non-smoking adults. METHODS: We analysed data obtained from 6684 adults during the 2013-2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. RESULTS: After adjustment for related variables, metabolic syndrome ( p < 0.001) and metabolic syndrome score ( p < 0.001) were found to be inversely associated with the predicted forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s values. The odds ratios of restrictive pulmonary disease (the predicted forced vital capacity < 80.0% with forced expiratory volume in 1 s/FVC ⩾ 70.0%) by metabolic syndrome score with metabolic syndrome score 0 as a reference group showed no significance for metabolic syndrome score 1 [1.061 (95% confidence interval, 0.755-1.490)] and metabolic syndrome score 2 [1.247 (95% confidence interval, 0.890-1.747)], but showed significant for metabolic syndrome score 3 [1.433 (95% confidence interval, 1.010-2.033)] and metabolic syndrome score ⩾ 4 [1.760 (95% confidence interval, 1.216-2.550)]. In addition, the odds ratio of restrictive pulmonary disease of the metabolic syndrome [1.360 (95% confidence interval, 1.118-1.655)] was significantly higher than those of non-metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: Metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome score were inversely associated with the predicted forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s values in Korean non-smoking adults. In addition, metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome score were positively associated with the restrictive pulmonary disease.