ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: HIV infection has sustained increased in the Chilean young population. In order to focus on sexual education in adolescents, it is first necessary to establish the degree of knowledge and risk behaviors in this group. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the degree of knowledge and HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in adolescents from rural and urban schools. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 385 adolescents between 14 and 18 years old. Through an anonymous survey, sociodemographic data, knowledge about HIV/ AIDS, risk behaviors, and ways of accessing information were collected. RESULTS: A third of the adolescents surveyed (33.6%) reported having initiated sexual activity, primarily men. Rural students showed lower knowledge of HIV/AIDS. 32.2% of individuals who initiated sexual activity reported nonuse or rarely use of condoms, and only 4.4% of students have had an HIV detection/diagnostic test. Although the students had received information mainly from their teachers, they reported that if they needed help, they would go to health centers, youth programs, and, to a lesser extent, to teachers. They also preferred access to information in workshops, on the Internet, and social networks. CONCLUSIONS: We observed regular knowledge of HIV/AIDS among adolescents. Rural students showed less knowledge and several risk behaviors. These findings emphasize the need to establish sexual education strategies in adolescents, considering the territory and the use of new technologies.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Risk-Taking , Rural Population , Sexual Behavior , Urban Population , Humans , Adolescent , Male , Female , Chile/epidemiology , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/prevention & control , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Sexual Behavior/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Socioeconomic Factors , Students/statistics & numerical data , Students/psychology , Schools , Sociodemographic Factors , Sex Education , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The number of overdose deaths are on the rise all over the world. An estimate of 93,000 drug overdose deaths have been estimated in the United States in 2020. COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the drug crisis. Factors, such as existing health disparities among underserved communities, lack of resources for people of color, lack of belief in available resources, social isolation and economic burden, limited access to treatment, regulatory barriers in telehealth, and stress from the on-going COVID-19 pandemic have been identified as some of the key factors behind the acute health effects of people with substance use disorder. These interrelated factors exacerbate the impact of already existing disparities in the underserved communities. Policy and regulatory changes around telehealth and access of treatment for substance use disorder are warranted. Evidence-based strategies and other safer drug practices should be implemented to mitigate the impact on human health. Investment in programs that increase access to treatment, will be useful for potential future pandemics, where increasing mental health services and overall access to healthcare in disadvantaged communities would lessen the disparities in physical and mental ailments. In this review, we are evaluating and summarizing the acute health effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with substance use disorder.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Las muertes súbitas se encuentran dentro de las indicaciones de autopsia médico legal de Costa Rica, según el Reglamento de Autopsias Hospitalarias y Médico Legales publicada el 12 de Marzo de 1987. Para establecer el criterio de muerte súbita debemos conocer inicialmente la definición médico legal, su importancia y la finalidad por la cual se realiza, ésta se define como toda muerte de origen no violento, la cual se desarrolla de manera rápida e inesperada, en una persona que no presentaba ninguna patología médica y por la cual era improbable su muerte; ahora bien estas muertes podrían presentar cierta posibilidad de haber sido provocadas por algún tipo de crimen, por esta razón, se debe descartar toda aquella causa de muerte de origen violento. Existen múltiples causas de muertes súbitas, sin embargo las cardíacas en definitiva son las más frecuentes, en este artículo se abordará las muertes súbitas cardiacas de causa no ateroesclerótica durante el ejercicio ya que ante el advenimiento de las nuevas políticas de prevención y promoción de la salud, al realizar deporte se han logrado identificar ciertas patologías cardíacas que en algunos de los casos se evidencian por medio de una muerte súbita, el médico legal es el encargado de esclarecer y brindarle a los familiares de la persona fallecida la causa precisa de su muerte y de esta manera determinar la manera de muerte desde un punto de vista médico legal.
Abstract The indications of forensic autopsy in relation to sudden deaths in Costa Rica, are according to the Regulation of Autopsies in Hospital or in Forensic Department, published on March 12, 1987. To establish the criteria of sudden death we must know mainly its forensic definition, the importance and the purpose for which it is carried out, it is defined as any non-violent, rapid and unexpected death, in a person who did not present any medical pathology and for which his death was unlikely; these deaths could be caused by some type of crime, the forensic is in relation to determinate all those causes of violent death. There are multiple causes of sudden deaths, however, the cardiac are the most frequent, in this article will be discussed cardiac pathologies that could cause a sudden death during the exercise. The forensic pathologist is the responsible for clarifying the precise cause of his death and determine the manner of death.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Death, Sudden, Cardiac , Forensic Medicine , Autopsy , Costa RicaABSTRACT
Resumen El confinamiento al igual que el sepultamiento son parte de las sofocaciones por carencia de aire respirable. Su etiología principal es la accidental, como ocurre con los mineros o los niños que juegan con bolsas de plástico o quedan atrapados dentro de lugares sin ventilación. En la actualidad se ha visto el aumento a nivel mundial sobre todo en países desarrollados, del uso de una bolsa plástica en conjunto con algún gas noble (principalmente helio) como método suicida "per se" o como proceso final de eutanasia. En el presente artículo se hará revisión de dos casos en Costa Rica, con sus hallazgos en la necropsia, la carencia de hallazgos toxicológicos y la importancia del escenario de muerte para poder emitir un criterio desde el punto de vista médico legal.
Abstract The confinement as well as the burial are part of the suffocations due to lack of breathable air. Its main etiology is accidental, as it happens with miners or the children who play with plastic bags or get trapped inside unventilated places. At present, the increase in the world has been seen especially in developed countries of the use of a plastic bag in conjunction with some noble gas (mainly helium) as a suicidal method or as a final process of euthanasia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Asphyxia/diagnosis , Suicide , Helium/adverse effects , Plastics , Euthanasia , Costa RicaABSTRACT
Resumen:Llegar al diagnóstico de hipotermia como la causa de la muerte representa un gran desafío en Patología Forense debido a que lo hallazgos por lo general son inespecíficos (no existe ningún hallazgo patognomónico), se deben excluir otras causas de muerte, y tener presente detalles tanto del escenario como a la hora de realizar la Autopsia Médico Legal.El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar una visión general actualizada de los hallazgos tanto macroscópicos como microscópicos que podemos encontrar en la autopsia y que pueden servir de ayuda para llegar al diagnóstico de hipotermia como causa de muerte.
Abstract:Make the diagnosis of hypothermia as the cause of death is a major challenge in forensic pathology because the findings are usually nonspecific (there is no pathognomonic finding) and inconsistent or can even be negative.The objective of this review is to provide an updated list of both macroscopic and microscopic findings we can be found in the autopsy and that can be helpful for diagnosis of cause of death as hypothermia overview.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Forensic Pathology , Freezing , HypothermiaABSTRACT
La leptospirosis humana es una zoonosis con amplia distribución mundial. Es una enfermedad febril aguda, causada por bacterias del género Leptospira, que infectan a varios animales domésticos y silvestres, los que frecuentemente se transforman en portadores asintomáticos. El hombre se puede infectar al contacto con agua contaminada con la orina de estos animales. En Costa Rica se considera una enfermedad endémica por lo que su conocimiento es de gran importancia. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar un caso de un masculino fallecido a consecuencia de leptospirosis, y comparar las manifestaciones clínicas y los hallazgos de la autopsia con lo mencionado en la literatura sobre leptospirosis.
Human leptospirosis is a zoonosis with worldwide distribution. It is an acute febrile disease caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira that infect various domestic and wild animals, which often become asymptomatic carriers. The man can be infected by the contact with water or urine contaminated. In Costa Rica leptospirosis is considered an endemic disease so your knowledge is very important. The purpose of this articule is present a case of a male who died from leptospirosis, and compare the clinical and autopsy findings with the literature about leptospirosis.
