ABSTRACT
AIM: This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DEX) as a hypotensive agent in comparison to nitroglycerin (NTG) in posterior fixation surgery for traumatic spine injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients ASA I or II aged 18-65 years scheduled for posterior fixation surgery were randomly assigned to receive either DEX 1 µg/kg over 10 min before induction of anesthesia followed by 0.2-0.7 µg/kg/h infusion during maintenance in DEX group or NTG 3-5 µg/kg/min infusion after induction of anesthesia in NTG group to maintain mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) between 65 and 70 mmHg. The two groups were compared for achievement of target MAP, intraoperative blood loss, and reversibility of hypotensive state. Student's t-test was used for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Patients in DEX group achieved the target MAP with better heart rate (HR) control, as compared to NTG group during the period of observation. The blood loss was significantly lesser in the DEX group (422.11 ± 149.34 ml) than the NTG group (564.51 ± 160.88 ml), P = 0.01. The time to hypotension reversal in NTG group (5.63 ± 1.93 min) was lesser compared to DEX group (9.15 ± 2.16 min), P = 0.65. CONCLUSION: DEX is an effective and safe agent in achieving controlled hypotension in adults undergoing posterior fixation spine surgery.
ABSTRACT
AIMS: To observe the various pressor responses to laryngoscopy and intubation in normotensive patient undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia and use of three different attenuating doses (400, 800, 1200 mcg) of intranasal nitroglycerine administered five minutes before laryngoscopy and intubation, to observe the efficacy and safety. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Randomized study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was carried out in a total of 60 patients. ASA grade 1 and II patients posted for elective surgeries under general anesthesia were included. Patients received different doses of intranasal nitroglycerine five minutes before induction as given below Group 1-received 400 micrograms-20 patients Group 2-received 800 micrograms-20 patients Group 3-received 1200 micrograms-20 patients. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Student's t test. RESULTS AND SUMMARY: Results were statistically analyzed. All three groups effectively attenuated the pressor response to laryngoscopy and intubation. Maximum rise in heart rate was seen in group III (23.86%). Maximum fall in systolic (19.6%), diastolic (30.76%), and mean arterial blood pressure (25.53%) was observed in group III at 10(th) minute of laryngoscopy and intubation. CONCLUSION: Best results of attenuation of pressor response were seen with 400 and 800 micrograms of intranasal nitroglycerine. One thousand and two hundred micrograms dose caused maximum increase in heart rate and caused maximum fall in blood pressure, hence it is advisable to use increased dose with caution in attenuation of pressor response to laryngoscopy and intubation.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Preoperative anxiety and uncooperativeness experienced by pediatric patients are commonly associated with postoperative behavioral problems. AIMS: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intranasal Midazolam as a sedative in a pediatric age group for radiological imaging procedures and to note onset of sedation, level of sedation, condition of patient during separation from parents and effect on the cardio-respiratory system. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Randomized double-blinded study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients of the pediatric age group of American Society of Anesthesiologist grade 2 and 3 who came for any radiological imaging procedures were studied. Patients were randomly allocated to receive, intranasally, either Midazolam 0.5 mg/kg (group A N = 25) or normal saline (group B N = 25) in both nostrils (0.25 mg/kg in each) 15 min before the procedure. Time for onset of sedation and satisfactory sedation, sedation score, separation score, hemodynamic changes and side-effects were recorded. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Student's t-test. RESULTS: Intranasal Midazolam group had a significantly shorter time for onset of sedation and satisfactory sedation. Mean sedation score and mean separation score at 10 min and 15 min intervals were significant in intranasal Midazolam as compared with normal saline (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Intranasal Midazolam 0.5 mg/kg is safe and effective and provides adequate sedation for easy separation from the parents and reduced requirement of intravenous supplementation during radiological imaging procedures without any untoward side-effects.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Ropivacaine, s-enantiomer of amide local anaesthetic produces differential neural blockade with less motor blockade, cardiovascular and neurological toxicity makes it suitable for day case surgery in children. AIMS: To compare the effectiveness of Inj. Ropivacaine (0.2 or 0.25%) or Inj. Bupivacaine (0.25%) with fentanyl in caudal block for intra and postoperative analgesia. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Double blind retrospective randomized study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All the patients (n=112) varying from age group 3.02 ± 3.29 years belonging to ASA I-IV were randomly allocated to receive caudal analgesia Group BF inj. Bupivacaine (0.25%, 2 mg/kg) + Inj. Fentany1 µg/kg (n=70) and group RF: Inj. Ropivacaine (0.25% or 0.2%, 2 mg/kg) + inj. Fentanyl 1 µg/kg (n=42). We monitored vitals and requirement of inhalational gases inraoperatively and also observed pain by pain score (Visual Analogue Score in verbal group and Objective Pain Scale in nonverbal group) and vitals postoperatively. We used rescue analgesics (inj. Paracetamol 5 mg/kg iv) when VAS score ≥4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Student's t-test. RESULTS: Duration of analgesia was prolonged in both group RF and BF. Time for first rescue analgesic for group RF (6.1 ± 1.1 hr) compared to group BF (5.6 ± 0.9 hr). Haemodynamic stability and less requirement of inhalation agent intraoperatively with group RF than others. CONCLUSIONS: Ropivacaine with Fentanyl found to be better combination for pediatric surgeries for below umbilical surgeries as an adjuvant to general anaesthesia or sole technique with chances of less complication with high success rate.
ABSTRACT
The following guidelines are intended for practitioners responsible for resuscitating neonates. They apply primarily to neonates undergoing transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life. The updated guidelines on Neonatal Resuscitation have assimilated the latest evidence in neonatal resuscitation. Important changes with regard to the old guidelines and recommendations for daily practice are provided. Current controversial issues concerning neonatal resuscitation are reviewed and argued in the context of the ILCOR 2005 consensus.
