ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Because of the lack of data on hormone levels in the hormone-free interval of the contraceptive regimens with desogestrel and ethynil estradiol, the objective of this study was to compare hormonal levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, and inhibin B using two contraceptive regimens with those steroids. METHODS: Prospective and randomized study with 21 patients. Eleven patients received a 21/7 regimen (group 1) and ten patients received a 21/2 placebo/5 ethinyl estradiol 10 µg regimen (group 2). RESULTS: We found a significant increase in FSH and LH levels in both groups. There was a significant reduction of inhibin B in the 21/2/5 regimen. No difference in estradiol levels was found. CONCLUSIONS: Steroids withdrawal in the hormone-free interval causes reduced inhibition of the HPO axis. The significant decrease in inhibin B levels of group 2 suggests better suppression of the HPO axis in the 21/2/5 regimen.
Subject(s)
Contraceptives, Oral, Combined/pharmacology , Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal/pharmacology , Desogestrel/pharmacology , Ethinyl Estradiol/pharmacology , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/drug effects , Ovary/drug effects , Adolescent , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , Contraceptives, Oral, Combined/administration & dosage , Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal/administration & dosage , Desogestrel/administration & dosage , Drug Administration Schedule , Estradiol/blood , Ethinyl Estradiol/administration & dosage , Female , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Humans , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/metabolism , Inhibins/blood , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Ovary/metabolism , Prospective Studies , Young AdultABSTRACT
AIMS: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) has been associated with oral dryness, tooth loss and an increased risk for foot ulceration, but the association between periodontal problems and DN has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated whether the risk for neuropathic foot ulceration (DM-NFUR) was associated with periodontal disease (PD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined 122 patients with type 2 diabetes for PD; findings were compared with results for presence of DM-NFUR. PD severity was classified as none/mild (NM-PD), moderate/severe (MS-PD) and edentulous (E). RESULTS: NM-PD was found in 40.2% patients; MS-PD, in 32.0%; and 27.8% were edentulous. DM-NFUR was detected in 18.4% of the patients in the NM-PD group, in 68.2% in the MS-PD group, and in 61.8% of completely edentulous individuals. PD was significantly correlated with DM-NFUR (pSubject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
, Diabetic Foot/epidemiology
, Periodontal Diseases/epidemiology
, Adult
, Aged
, Aged, 80 and over
, Brazil/epidemiology
, Cross-Sectional Studies
, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
, Diabetic Foot/blood
, Female
, Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis
, Humans
, Male
, Middle Aged
, Mouth, Edentulous/blood
, Mouth, Edentulous/epidemiology
, Mouth, Edentulous/etiology
, Outpatient Clinics, Hospital/statistics & numerical data
, Periodontal Diseases/blood
, Periodontal Diseases/etiology
, Periodontal Diseases/physiopathology
, Risk Factors
, Severity of Illness Index