Ameliorative properties of quercetin in the treatment of traumatic brain injury: a mechanistic review based on underlying mechanisms.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with an estimated annual incidence of 27-69 million. TBI is a severe condition that can lead to high mortality rates and long-term cognitive, behavioral, and physical impairments in young adults. It is a significant public health concern due to the lack of effective treatments available. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, has demonstrated therapeutic potential with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Recently, some evidence has accentuated the ameliorating effects of quercetin on TBI. This review discusses quercetin's ability to reduce TBI-related damage by regulating many cellular and molecular pathways. Quercetin in vitro and in vivo studies exhibit promise in reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and enhancing cognitive function post-TBI. Further clinical investigation into quercetin's therapeutic potential as a readily available adjuvant in the treatment of TBI is warranted in light of these findings. This review adds to our knowledge of quercetin's potential in treating TBI by clarifying its mechanisms of action.

The Zebrafish Model as a New Discovery Path for Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most frequent degenerative central nervous system disorders affecting older adults. Dopaminergic neuron failure in the substantia nigra is a pathological sign connected with the motor shortfall of PD. Due to their low teratogenic and adverse effect potential, medicinal herbs have emerged as a promising therapy option for preventing and curing PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. However, the mechanism through which natural compounds provide neuroprotection against PD remains unknown. While testing compounds in vertebrates such as mice is prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, zebrafish (Danio rerio) may offer an appealing alternative because they are vertebrates and share many of the same characteristics as humans. Zebrafish are commonly used as animal models for studying many human diseases, and their molecular history and bioimaging properties are appropriate for the study of PD. However, a literature review indicated that only six plants, including Alpinia oxyhylla, Bacopa monnieri, Canavalia gladiate, Centella asiatica, Paeonia suffruticosa, and Stachytarpheta indica had been investigated as potential PD treatments using the zebrafish model. Only C. asiatica and B. monnieri were found to have potential anti-PD activity. In addition to reviewing the current state of research in this field, these plants' putative mechanisms of action against PD are explored, and accessible assays for investigation are made.

Finding Integrative Medication for Neuroblastoma and Glioblastoma through Zebrafish as A Model of Organism.

As far as malignant tumors of the central nervous system are concerned, glioblastoma (GB) and neuroblastoma (NB) are the most prevalent, aggressive, and fatal forms in adult and pediatric populations, respectively. NB is the most prominent childhood extracranial compact neoplasm in pediatrics when the embryo develops from undifferentiated neural crest cells. Regarding malignant primary brain tumors, GB is the most lethal and difficult to treat. Currently, there are few effective treatments available for either condition. Research using zebrafish is relatively new in the field of animal cancer studies, and the first results show promise. In particular, integrated genomic investigations of NB and GB have revealed the potential of the zebrafish model in elucidating the roles of specific genetic changes in the development of this fatal childhood malignancy. Hence, this study examines the possibility of zebrafish as a model organism for discovering integrative medicines for these types of cancer. This model is an excellent animal model for study due to its transparency, ease of genetic modification, ethics and financial benefits, and preservation of the primary brain areas andbloodbrain barrier (BBB). This review provides recent developments in the zebrafish model of NB and GB to illustrate the benefits of using them in cancer studies as a model of the organism. This approach provides novel insights into delivering individualized treatment and enhancing outcomes for people coping with central nervous system malignancies.

Zebrafish, a biological model for pharmaceutical research for the management of anxiety.

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a valuable animal model rapidly becoming more commonly used in pharmaceutical studies. Due to its low-cost maintenance and high breeding potential, the zebrafish is a suitable substitute for most adult rodents (mice and rats) in neuroscience research. It is widely used in various anxiety models. This species has been used to develop a conceptual framework for anxiety behavior studies with broad applications in the laboratory, including the study of herbal and chemical drugs. This review discusses the latest studies of anxiety-related behavior in the zebrafish model.

Global epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis infection in cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Application of chemotherapeutics in cancer patients may provide an immunosuppressive milieu, favourable for parasitic infections. Giardia duodenalis is an important zoonotic intestinal parasite responsible for diarrhoea in humans worldwide. METHODS: The present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of G. duodenalis and respective odds ratios (ORs) in cancer patients around the globe. Four online databases-PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar-were carefully explored for relevant literature without time limitation until 28 November 2020. Meta-analysis was done based on a random effects model to pool the estimations and define 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The overall weighted prevalence of G. duodenalis infection in cancer patients was calculated to be 6.9% (95% CI 0.5 to 9.3) globally, based on data from 32 studies. Although not statistically significant, eight case-control studies revealed that cancer patients were 1.24 times (95% CI 0.66 to 2.31; p=0.501) more exposed to G. duodenalis infection than healthy controls. Moreover, the prevalence of infection was not significantly associated with quantitative variables, including publication year (regression coefficient -0.0135, p=0.578), sample size (regression coefficient -0.0007, p=0.074) and human development index (regression coefficient -1.6263, p=0.419). Also, subgroup analysis of the pooled G. duodenalis infection was performed for publication year, World Health Organization regions, countries, continents, cancer types and country income. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, the epidemiology of G. duodenalis infection and its associated risk factors in immunocompromised individuals, especially cancer patients, is still open to question and deserves comprehensive investigations.

Low cytotoxicity, and antiproliferative activity on cancer cells, of the plant Senna alata (Fabaceae) / Baja citotoxicidad, y actividad antiproliferativa sobre las células cancerosas, de la planta Senna alata (Fabaceae)

Introduction: The leaves of Senna alata from the Fabaceae family have been used in folk medicine for the cure of skin disease. In this study, we tested the extract and fractions on brine shrimp lethality test and antiproliferative activity on cancer and normal cell lines. Objective: In this study, we assessed the cytotoxicity of S. alata using brine shrimp test and two cell lines. Methods: The 80 % ethanolic leaf extract and its fractions were examined for possible cytotoxic effect using sulforhodamine B (SRB) cytotoxicity assay towards breast cancer (MCF-7), normal (MCF10A) cell lines, and brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). Results: The brine shrimp lethality bioassay exhibits no cytotoxicity even at high concentration (5 000 µg/mL). The LC50 for dichloromethane, chloroform, butanol, and aqueous were > 1 000 µg/mL (non-toxic). The IC50 for in vitro SRB cytotoxicity against MCF-7 for n-hexane was 0.013 µg/mL, which was considered highly toxic, while dichloromethane and chloroform recorded at 47.11 and 57.61 µg/mL, respectively after 72 hours exposure time although there was no cytotoxicity found on the normal cell line. Conclusion: This study shows that S. alata crude ethanolic leaf extract and its fractions potentially contain significant bioactive compounds that are safe from adverse effects, which proves the therapeutic application of S. alata in traditional remedy.

Introducción: Las hojas de Senna alata de la familia Fabaceae se han utilizado en la medicina popular para la cura de enfermedades de la piel. En este estudio, probamos el extracto de la planta en líneas celulares normales y cancerosas. Objetivo: Evaluamos la citotoxicidad de S. alata usando una prueba del camarón Artemia y la actividad antiproliferativa. Métodos: El extracto de hoja etanólico al 80 % y sus fracciones se examinaron en busca de un posible efecto citotóxico utilizando un ensayo de citotoxicidad de sulforrodamina B (SRB) frente a líneas celulares de cáncer de mama (MCF-7), normales (MCF10A) y prueba de letalidad del camarón Artemia (BSLT). Resultados: El bioensayo de letalidad del camarón Artemia no presenta citotoxicidad incluso en alta concentración (5 000 µg/mL). La CL50 para diclorometano, cloroformo, butanol y acuoso fue > 1000 µg/mL (no tóxico). La CI50 para la citotoxicidad in vitro de SRB contra MCF-7 para n-hexano fue de 0.013 µg/mL, que se consideró altamente tóxica, mientras que el diclorometano y el cloroformo registraron 47.11 y 57.61 µg/mL, respectivamente, después de 72 horas de tiempo de exposición, aunque no hubo citotoxicidad encontrada en la línea celular normal. Conclusión: Este estudio muestra que el extracto de hoja etanólico crudo de S. alata y sus fracciones contienen potencialmente compuestos bioactivos significativos que están a salvo de efectos adversos, lo que demuestra la aplicación terapéutica de S. alata como remedio tradicional.

Zebrafish as a Successful Animal Model for Screening Toxicity of Medicinal Plants.

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is used as an embryonic and larval model to perform in vitro experiments and developmental toxicity studies. Zebrafish may be used to determine the toxicity of samples in early screening assays, often in a high-throughput manner. The zebrafish embryotoxicity model is at the leading edge of toxicology research due to the short time required for analyses, transparency of embryos, short life cycle, high fertility, and genetic data similarity. Zebrafish toxicity studies range from assessing the toxicity of bioactive compounds or crude extracts from plants to determining the optimal process. Most of the studied extracts were polar, such as ethanol, methanol, and aqueous solutions, which were used to detect the toxicity and bioactivity. This review examines the latest research using zebrafish as a study model and highlights its power as a tool for detecting toxicity of medicinal plants and its effectiveness at enhancing the understanding of new drug generation. The goal of this review was to develop a link to ethnopharmacological zebrafish studies that can be used by other researchers to conduct future research.