ABSTRACT
Sixth nerve palsy is the most common post-vaccination oculomotor palsy. It is generally transient with most patients making a complete recovery. We report the case of a 46-year-old healthy male patient who presented with a painless sixth nerve palsy after the second dose of the Pfizer BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, which recovered over the course of the next month. We confirmed the lesion localisation by demonstrating enhancement of the root exit zone and the cisternal portion of the sixth nerve on sequential magnetic resonance imaging during the symptomatic period. Here, a temporal relationship between vaccine application and diplopia onset suggests an aetiologic relationship. Moreover, the lack of pre-existing medical conditions suggests a post-vaccination inflammatory process.
ABSTRACT
Background. In Chile, the peony is the most important ornamental flower exported from the country. Gray mould is a phytopathological problem of this crop. This disease is caused by Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis paeoniae. Aims. We carried out the first survey of Botrytis species associated with peony gray mould in Southern Chile to estimate the diversity of these pathogens. Methods. Diseased peony leaves were collected from seven locations in Southern Chile covering a distance of 300 km. The Botrytis isolates obtained were studied by morphological and molecular methods. Finally, a PCR assay using primers based on the necrosis and ethylene-inducing protein gene (nep1) was used to specifically identify B. paeoniae. Results. Seventeen isolates belonging to Botrytis genus were obtained, and all of them were pathogenic to peonies when inoculated in plants grown in a greenhouse. Morphological analyses showed that four isolates shared common characteristics, which distinguish them from the rest. Homology and phylogenetic analysis of G3PDH, as well as determination of the Bc-hch allele, allowed us to identify 12 isolates as B. cinerea, 4 as B. paeoniae and one isolate as Botrytis pseudocinerea. The PCR assay was found to be specific to B. paeoniae, amplifying a single band of 470 bp. Conclusions. Three Botrytis species involved in peony gray mould disease are present in Chile. This is the first time that both B. paeoniae and B. pseudocinerea have been reported to be present in the country and also that they affect peonies. Finally, to our knowledge, the PCR based method herein described is the first of its kind to be used to identify B. paeoniae (AU)
Antecedentes. La peonía es la principal flor ornamental de exportación en Chile. La pudrición gris, causada por los hongos Botrytis cinerea y Botrytis paeoniae, es uno de los problemas fitopatológicos más importantes de su cultivo. Objetivos. Realizar una primera estimación de la diversidad de especies del género Botrytis asociadas a la pudrición gris de la peonía en el sur de Chile. Métodos. Se recogieron hojas de peonías con síntomas de pudrición gris en siete lugares del sur de Chile, cubriendo una distancia de 300 km. Se estudiaron morfológica y molecularmente los aislamientos de Botrytis obtenidos. Finalmente, se desarrolló un ensayo de PCR específico para identificar B. paeoniae basado en el gen nep1. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 17 aislamientos del género Botrytis; todos ellos causaron pudrición gris en plantas de peonía en ensayos de invernadero. Los análisis morfológicos mostraron que cuatro aislamientos compartían características comunes que los distinguen del resto. La homología y el análisis filogenético basado en el gen G3PDH y la determinación del alelo Bc-hch permitieron identificar 12 cepas como B. cinerea, 4 como B. paeoniae y un aislamiento como Botrytis pseudocinerea. Finalmente, el ensayo de PCR resultó específico para B. paeoniae al amplificar una sola banda de 470 pb. Conclusiones. Tres especies de Botrytis están presentes en Chile asociadas a la pudrición gris de las peonías, y se describe por primera vez en este país la presencia de B. paeoniae y B. pseudocinerea como especies patógenas de los cultivos de esta planta. Hasta donde conocen los autores, se describe por primera vez un ensayo de PCR para identificar específicamente B. paeoniae (AU)
Subject(s)
Pathology, Molecular/methods , Pathology, Molecular/trends , Botrytis , Botrytis/isolation & purification , Botrytis/pathogenicity , Paeonia/microbiology , Paeonia , Polymerase Chain Reaction/instrumentation , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In Chile, the peony is the most important ornamental flower exported from the country. Gray mould is a phytopathological problem of this crop. This disease is caused by Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis paeoniae. AIMS: We carried out the first survey of Botrytis species associated with peony gray mould in Southern Chile to estimate the diversity of these pathogens. METHODS: Diseased peony leaves were collected from seven locations in Southern Chile covering a distance of 300km. The Botrytis isolates obtained were studied by morphological and molecular methods. Finally, a PCR assay using primers based on the necrosis and ethylene-inducing protein gene (nep1) was used to specifically identify B. paeoniae. RESULTS: Seventeen isolates belonging to Botrytis genus were obtained, and all of them were pathogenic to peonies when inoculated in plants grown in a greenhouse. Morphological analyses showed that four isolates shared common characteristics, which distinguish them from the rest. Homology and phylogenetic analysis of G3PDH, as well as determination of the Bc-hch allele, allowed us to identify 12 isolates as B. cinerea, 4 as B. paeoniae and one isolate as Botrytis pseudocinerea. The PCR assay was found to be specific to B. paeoniae, amplifying a single band of 470bp. CONCLUSIONS: Three Botrytis species involved in peony gray mould disease are present in Chile. This is the first time that both B. paeoniae and B. pseudocinerea have been reported to be present in the country and also that they affect peonies. Finally, to our knowledge, the PCR based method herein described is the first of its kind to be used to identify B. paeoniae.
